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What is GERD (acid reflux)? - Gastroesophageal reflux disease,
commonly referred to as GERD or acid reflux, is a condition in which

the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates (backs up or refluxes)
into the esophagus. The liquid can inflame and damage the lining

(cause, cause esophagitis) of the esophagus although visible signs of
inflammation occur in a minority of patients. The regurgitated

liquid usually contains acid and pepsin that are produced by the
stomach. (Pepsin is an enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins
in

the stomach.) The refluxed liquid also may contain bile that has
backed-up into the stomach from the duodenum. (The duodenum is the

first part of the small intestine that attaches to the stomach.) Acid
is believed to be the most injurious component of the refluxed
liquid.

Pepsin and bile also may injure the esophagus, but their role in the
production of esophageal inflammation and damage is not as clear

as the role of acid.  Read More

Video: What Is Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease?

Video: Heartburn and Acid Reflux Testing - Endoscopy

What causes GERD? - The cause of GERD is complex. There probably are
multiple causes, and different causes may be operative in

different individuals, or even in the same individual at different
times. A small number of patients with GERD produce abnormally large

amounts of acid, but this is uncommon and not a contributing factor in
the vast majority of patients. The factors that contribute to GERD

are the lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernias, esophageal
contractions, and emptying of the stomach.  Read More

What are the symptoms of uncomplicated GERD? - The symptoms of
uncomplicated GERD are primarily heartburn, regurgitation, and

nausea. Other symptoms occur when there are complications of GERD and
will be discussed with the complications.  Read More

How is GERD diagnosed and evaluated? — The usual way that GERD is
diagnosed—or at least suspected—is by its characteristic

symptom, heartburn. Heartburn is most frequently described as a sub-
sternal (under the middle of the chest) burning that occurs after

meals and often worsens when lying down. To confirm the diagnosis,
physicians often treat patients with medications to suppress the

production of acid by the stomach. If the heartburn then is diminished
to a large extent, the diagnosis of GERD is considered confirmed.

This approach of making a diagnosis on the basis of a response of the
symptoms to treatment is commonly called a therapeutic trial.

Read More

How is GERD treated? — One of the simplest treatments for GERD is
referred to as life-style changes, a combination of several

changes in habit, particularly related to eating.  Read More

What is a reasonable approach to the management of GERD? — There are
several ways to approach the evaluation and management of

GERD. The approach depends primarily on the frequency and severity of
symptoms, the adequacy of the response to treatment, and the

presence of complications. Read More

What are the unresolved issues in GERD? - The cause of GERD is
complex. There probably are multiple causes, and different causes

may be operative in different individuals, or even in the same
individual at different times. A small number of patients with GERD
produce

abnormally large amounts of acid, but this is uncommon and not a
contributing factor in the vast majority of patients. The factors
that

contribute to GERD are the lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernias,
esophageal contractions, and emptying of the stomach.  Read

More

What are the unresolved issues in GERD? - The cause of GERD is
complex. There probably are multiple causes, and different causes

may be operative in different individuals, or even in the same
individual at different times. A small number of patients with GERD
produce

abnormally large amounts of acid, but this is uncommon and not a
contributing factor in the vast majority of patients. The factors
that

contribute to GERD are the lower esophageal sphincter, hiatal hernias,
esophageal contractions, and emptying of the stomach.