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Medical Forum / General / Nutrition / March 2008Tyrosine and Lecithin
http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/reprint/11/12/1018.pdf It is clear that both lecithins can bind polytyrosine / PT up to a limiting ratio of about 4 tyrosine residues/phosphorus. In each lecithin molecule there exist a definite number of binding sites to which polytyrosine residues are attached. Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk On Mar 23, 9:57 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:Lecithin << Science 13 October 1978: Vol. 202. no. 4364, pp. 223 - 225 DOI: 10.1126/science.694529 Prev | Table of Contents | Next Articles Science, Vol 202, Issue 4364, 223-225 Copyright © 1978 by American Association for the Advancement of Science -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- articles Lecithin consumption increases acetylcholine concentrations in rat brain and adrenal gland MJ Hirsch and RJ Wurtman Consumption of a single meal containing lecithin, the major source of choline occurring naturally in the diet, increased the concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain and adrenal gland. Hence, the concentration of acetylcholine in the tissues may normally be under direct, short-term nutritional control Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/reprint/11/12/1018.pdf > [quoted text clipped - 13 lines] > > DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk tyrosine << "Triggered by tyrosine bonding to the sodium-urate-iron crystals" Med Hypotheses 1999 Nov;53(5):407-12 Effect of gradual accumulation of iron, molybdenum and sulfur, slow depletion of zinc and copper, ethanol or fructose ingestion and phlebotomy in gout. Johnson S Gout affects mostly males over 40 years old and, occasionally, postmenopausal women. This pattern coincides with the pattern of iron accumulation. On the other hand, menstruating women are seldom afflicted by gout, because the monthly blood loss causes them to accumulate iron to a much lesser degree. Gout involves seven aspects: (1) uric acid overproduction from increased purines in the diet; (2) uric acid overproduction from ATP degradation; (3) uric acid overproduction from increased de novo synthesis of purines; (4) uric acid overproduction from increased DNA breakdown from cell damage; (5) decreased uric acid elimination, caused by molybdenum and sulfur binding to copper in the kidneys; (6) precipitation of sodium urate-iron crystals in the joints due to high ferritin and saturated transferrin and low CuZn-SOD and Cu-thionein in the joint; (7) development of inflammation, triggered by tyrosine bonding to the sodium-urate-iron crystals and being transformed by tyrosine kinase. Alcohol and iron greatly affect most of these aspects. Therefore, phlebotomy is suggested as therapy for gout patients, in order to eliminate the accumulated Fe. Furthermore, yearly blood donation is recommended for males with a family history of gout, so as to prevent Fe accumulation and avoid gout. PMID: 10616042, UI: 20081788 _________________________________________________________________ Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/reprint/11/12/1018.pdf > [quoted text clipped - 13 lines] > > DEAD PEOPLE WALKINGhttp://tinyurl.com/zk9fk On Mar 25, 7:21 am, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com> wrote: tyrosine << "Here, take a cookie. I promise, by the time you're done eating it, you'll feel right as rain." "Baseline mesocortical DA synthesis is dependent on tyrosine availability" Brain Res. 2008 Jan 23;1190:39-48. Epub 2007 Nov 4.Related Articles, Links Tyrosine depletion lowers dopamine synthesis and desipramine-induced prefrontal cortex catecholamine levels. Bongiovanni R, Newbould E, Jaskiw GE. Psychiatry Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brecksville, OH 44141, USA. The relationship between limited tyrosine availability, DA (dopamine) synthesis and DA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of the rat was examined by in vivo microdialysis. We administered a tyrosine- and phenylalanine-free mixture of large neutral amino acids (LNAA-) IP to lower brain tyrosine, and the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor desipramine (DMI) 10 mg/kg IP to raise MPFC DA levels without affecting DA synthesis. For examination of DOPA levels, NSD-1015 20 microM was included in perfusate. Neither NSD-1015 nor DMI affected tyrosine levels. LNAA- lowered tyrosine levels by 45%, and lowered DOPA levels as well; this was not additionally affected by concurrent DMI 10 mg/kg IP. In parallel studies DMI markedly increased extracellular levels of DA (420% baseline) and norepinephrine (NE) (864% baseline). LNAA- had no effect on baseline levels of DA or NE but robustly lowered DMI-induced DA (176% baseline) as well as NE (237% baseline) levels. Even when DMI (20 microM) was administered in perfusate, LNAA- still lowered DMI-induced DA and NE levels. We conclude that while baseline mesocortical DA synthesis is indeed dependent on tyrosine availability, the MPFC maintains normal extracellular DA and NA levels in the face of moderately lower DA synthesis. During other than baseline conditions, however, tyrosine depletion can lower ECF DA and NE levels in MPFC. These data offer a potential mechanism linking dysregulation of tyrosine transport and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Publication Types: Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PMID: 18082673 [PubMed - in process] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > On Mar 23, 9:57 am, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:tyrosine<< > [quoted text clipped - 64 lines] > > - Show quoted text - On Mar 25, 9:13 pm, ironjustice <teamtan...@hotmail.com> wrote:tyrosine << The effects of tyrosine depletion in normal healthy volunteers: implications for unipolar depression by McLean A, Rubinsztein JS, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, CB2 2QQ, Cambridge, UK Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2003 Sep 4. ABSTRACT RATIONALE. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of dopamine (DA) both in the pathogenesis of unipolar depression and in motivated behaviour. The innovative technique of acute tyrosine depletion presents an opportunity to characterise further its function in these domains. OBJECTIVE. The present study examined the physiological, subjective and cognitive effects of acute tyrosine depletion in healthy volunteers. METHODS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design was employed. Half of the participants ingested a balanced amino-acid mixture (BAL) and the other half received an identical mixture except that tyrosine and phenylalanine were absent (TYR-free). Plasma amino acid concentrations and subjective ratings were monitored at both baseline (T(0)) and 5 h following consumption (T(5)) of the mixtures. A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was also administered at T(5). RESULTS. Relative to the BAL group, the reduction in TYR availability to the brain was more marked in the TYR-free group. Employment of psychological rating scales revealed that, compared with the BAL group, the TYR-free group became less content and more apathetic. For the affective go/no-go task, whilst the BAL group exhibited a happy latency bias, the TYR-free group demonstrated a sad latency bias. Furthermore, in the decision-making task, the rate at which the TYR- free group increased their bets in response to more likely outcomes was lower than that of the BAL group. Taken together, these neuropsychological findings strikingly paralleled those reported in previous investigations of unipolar depression. The experimental groups could not be differentiated on any of the other neuropsychological measures, including more classical assessments of fronto-executive function. CONCLUSION. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dopaminergic factors are particularly involved in disrupted affect/reward-based processing characteristic of clinical depression. Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk > On Mar 25, 7:21 am, "ironjust...@aol.com" <ironjust...@aol.com> wrote: > tyrosine << [quoted text clipped - 128 lines] > > - Show quoted text -
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