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Medical Forum / General / Nutrition / January 2007

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Raw Almonds - Roasting Temperature

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George - 02 Jan 2007 06:14 GMT
I've been unable to find any credible info on the maximum roasting
temperature that can be used without damaging almonds' heart-healthy
properties, creating free radicals, etc.  Can anybody help?

George
Bob Arnold - 02 Jan 2007 14:06 GMT
> I've been unable to find any credible info on the maximum roasting
> temperature that can be used without damaging almonds' heart-healthy
> properties, creating free radicals, etc.  Can anybody help?
>
> George

Don't roast anything. Roasting generates AGEs. AGEs are bad for you. The
abstract below notes, "roasted nuts ... are relatively high in AGEs."

Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to
the body's AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects.

Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, Peppa M, Goldberg T, Vlassara H.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Jun;1043:461-6.
Division of Nephrology, Deparment of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of
compounds that form continuously in the body. Their rate of endogenous
formation is markedly increased in diabetes mellitus, a condition in
which AGEs play a major pathological role. It is also known, however,
that AGEs form during the cooking of foods, primarily as the result of
the application of heat. This review focuses on the generation of AGEs
during the cooking of food, the gastrointestinal absorption of these
compounds, and their biological effects in vitro and in vivo. We also
present preliminary evidence of a direct association between dietary AGE
intake and markers of systemic inflammation such as C-reactive protein
in a large group of healthy subjects. Together with previous evidence
from diabetics and renal failure patients, these data suggest that
dietary AGEs may play an important role in the causation of chronic
diseases associated with underlying inflammation.
http://pmid.us/16037267

Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods.

Goldberg T, Cai W, Peppa M, Dardaine V, Baliga BS, Uribarri J, Vlassara
H.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Aug;104(8):1287-91.
Division of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, Department of Geriatrics

OBJECTIVE: Advanced glycoxidation end products (AGEs), the derivatives
of glucose-protein or glucose-lipid interactions, are implicated in the
complications of diabetes and aging. The objective of this article was
to determine the AGE content of commonly consumed foods and to evaluate
the effects of various methods of food preparation on AGE production.
DESIGN: Two-hundred fifty foods were tested for their content in a
common AGE marker (epsilon)N-carboxymethyllysine (CML), using an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on an anti-CML monoclonal
antibody. Lipid and protein AGEs were represented in units of AGEs per
gram of food. RESULTS: Foods of the fat group showed the highest amount
of AGE content with a mean of 100+/-19 kU/g. High values were also
observed for the meat and meat-substitute group, 43+/-7 kU/g. The
carbohydrate group contained the lowest values of AGEs, 3.4+/-1.8 kU/g.
The amount of AGEs present in all food categories was related to cooking
temperature, length of cooking time, and presence of moisture. Broiling
(225 degrees C) and frying (177 degrees C) resulted in the highest
levels of AGEs, followed by roasting (177 degrees C) and boiling (100
degrees C). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that diet can be a
significant environmental source of AGEs, which may constitute a chronic
risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney damage.
http://pmid.us/15281050

 
The low-AGE content of low-fat vegan diets could benefit diabetics -
though concurrent taurine supplementation may be needed to minimize
endogenous AGE production.

McCarty MF.
Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(2):394-8.
NutriGuard Research

   Increased endogenous generation of advanced glycation endproducts
(AGEs) contributes importantly to the vascular complications of
diabetes, in part owing to activation of the pro-inflammatory RAGE
receptor. However, AGE-altered oligopeptides with RAGE-activating
potential can also be absorbed from the diet, and indeed make a
significant contribution to the plasma and tissue pool of AGEs; this
contribution is especially prominent when compromised renal function
impairs renal clearance of AGEs. Perhaps surprisingly, foods rich in
both protein and fat, and cooked at high heat, tend to be the richest
dietary sources of AGEs, whereas low-fat carbohydrate-rich foods tend to
be relatively low in AGEs. Conceivably, this reflects the fact that the
so-called "AGEs" in the diet are generated primarily, not by glycation
reactions, but by interactions between oxidized lipids and protein; such
reactions are known to give rise to certain prominent AGEs, such as
epsilonN-carboxymethyl-lysine and methylglyoxal. Although roasted nuts
and fried or broiled tofu are relatively high in AGEs, low-fat
plant-derived foods, including boiled or baked beans, typically are low
in AGEs. Thus, a low-AGE content may contribute to the many benefits
conferred to diabetics by a genuinely low-fat vegan diet. Nonetheless,
the plasma AGE content of healthy vegetarians has been reported to be
higher than that of omnivores - suggesting that something about
vegetarian diets may promote endogenous AGE production. Some researchers
have proposed that the relatively high-fructose content of vegetarian
diets may explain this phenomenon, but there so far is no clinical
evidence that normal intakes of fructose have an important impact on AGE
production. An alternative or additional possibility is that the
relatively poor taurine status of vegetarians up-regulates the
physiological role of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants in the generation
of AGEs - in which case, taurine supplementation might be expected to
suppress elevated AGE production in vegetarians. Thus, a taurine
supplemented low-fat vegan diet may be recommended as a strategy for
minimizing AGE-mediated complications in diabetics and in patients with
renal failure.
http://pmid.us/15607576
George - 04 Jan 2007 03:54 GMT
Interesting article.

" ... AGEs form during the cooking of foods, primarily as the result of the
application of heat."

So, we can all live longer by eating all our food raw.

In my original posting I was inquiring about the cooking temperature/time
that will result in minimal loss of health benefits in raw almonds.

George

>> I've been unable to find any credible info on the maximum roasting
>> temperature that can be used without damaging almonds' heart-healthy
[quoted text clipped - 100 lines]
> renal failure.
> http://pmid.us/15607576
Ron Peterson - 04 Jan 2007 05:28 GMT
> In my original posting I was inquiring about the cooking temperature/time
> that will result in minimal loss of health benefits in raw almonds.

I find that 340 F for 20 minutes works fine when dry roasting. Oven
temperatures vary, so you will need to experiment. Excessive browning
indicates the temperature is too high and that varies with the type of
nut with walnuts and pepitas requiring less heat.

Signature

   Ron

Bob Arnold - 04 Jan 2007 15:32 GMT
> Interesting article.
>
> " ... AGEs form during the cooking of foods, primarily as the result of the
> application of heat."
>
> So, we can all live longer by eating all our food raw.

Maybe, but your shouldn't eat raw chicken, for example. But, you don't
have to cook meat uncovered or brown it either. Steaming, boiling,
poaching, help minimize AGEs when you have to cook.

> In my original posting I was inquiring about the cooking temperature/time
> that will result in minimal loss of health benefits in raw almonds.
>
> George

When you cook/roast almonds you are purposely trying to brown or
caramelize the surface. Browning or caramelizing are other names for
producing AGEs. They are the same thing. AGEs and caramelizing are
crosslinked protein and sugar and they happen to be tasty.

What I'm saying is that any amount of cooking or roasting will reduce
the health benefits of almonds. So, the cooking time and temperature
that will result in minimal loss of heath benefits is the minimum time
and temperature that is necessary.

The amount that is necessary is none. Unlike Chicken, you don't have to
cook almonds. If you can't stand to eat them unless they are roasted,
then the answer is the minimum amount of cooking you need in order to be
able to eat them.

The study below shows that roasted almonds had similar health benefits
to raw almonds. So, it's not that roasting destroys the health benefits,
it's that roasting adds toxins, including AGEs and also acrylamide.

Effects of plant-based diets high in raw or roasted almonds, or roasted
almond butter on serum lipoproteins in humans.

Spiller GA, Miller A, Olivera K, Reynolds J, Miller B, Morse SJ, Dewell
A, Farquhar JW.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Jun;22(3):195-200.
Sphera Foundation, Los Altos, California

OBJECTIVE: To compare the lipid-altering effect of roasted salted
almonds and roasted almond butter with that of raw almonds, as part of a
plant-based diet. METHODS: Thirty-eight free-living,
hypercholesterolemic men (n = 12) and women (n = 26) with a mean total
serum cholesterol (TC) of 245 + 29 mg/dL (mean + SD) followed a
heart-healthy diet including 100g of one of three forms of almonds:
roasted salted almonds, roasted almond butter or raw almonds for four
weeks. Measurements of serum TC, triglycerides (TG), selected
lipoproteins and blood pressure were taken at baseline and after four
weeks. RESULTS: All three forms of almonds in the context of a
heart-healthy diet significantly lowered low-density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) from baseline to the completion of the
study. Both raw and roasted almonds significantly lowered TC, whereas
the decrease by almond butter (in a smaller cohort) did not reach
statistical significance. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) did
not significantly change with raw or roasted almonds but slightly
increased with almond butter. At the end of the study, blood pressure
did not change significantly from baseline values for any of the groups.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that unblanched almonds-whether raw,
dry roasted, or in roasted butter form-can play an effective role in
cholesterol-lowering, plant-based diets.
http://pmid.us/12805245

Acrylamide in roasted almonds and hazelnuts.

Amrein TM, Lukac H, Andres L, Perren R, Escher F, Amado R.
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Oct 5;53(20):7819-25.
Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (ETH), ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

The influences of composition and roasting conditions on acrylamide
formation in almonds and hazelnuts were investigated. Eighteen samples
of almonds originating from the U.S. and Europe were analyzed for sugars
and free amino acids, and acrylamide formed during roasting was
determined. Asparagine was the main free amino acid in raw almonds and
correlated with the acrylamide content of dark roasted almonds. Roasting
temperature was another key factor and had a very strong influence on
acrylamide formation. Almonds of European origin contained significantly
less free asparagine and formed significantly less acrylamide during
roasting as compared to the almonds from the U.S. Roasted hazelnuts
contained very little acrylamide because of the low content of free
asparagine in the raw nut. Reducing sugars, although being consumed much
faster than free amino acids in both types of nuts, were not decisive
for the extent of acrylamide formation during roasting.
http://pmid.us/16190636

> >> I've been unable to find any credible info on the maximum roasting
> >> temperature that can be used without damaging almonds' heart-healthy
[quoted text clipped - 100 lines]
> > renal failure.
> > http://pmid.us/15607576
 
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