Medical Forum / General / Nutrition / July 2005
Tell me what is wrong with this "study."
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montygram - 05 Jul 2005 19:42 GMT I find myself posting the same things over and over again, often for new people, and so I can understand the need. However, I found this on sciencedaily.com yesterday, and I'd like to post it with no commentary, except to ask what possible problems there are. As an academic exercise (I have often done this with my classes, that is, present a document and ask students what they think of it, in light of the methodology presented in previous classes), let us assume that the report is accurate, that is, that what we are presented with actually did occur. I'd like to see if those who have been following my posts understand how to critique these kinds of reports. After a while, I will add my commentary, but I want to keep this to an examination of the report only.
Source: Penn State Date Posted:2005-07-04 Web Address: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/07/050704110246.htm
POLY/MONO BALANCE IMPORTANT TO CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIET
In the search for the best fats for a heart healthy diet, trans- and saturated fats have long been recognized as undesirable and those that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are preferred -- with no clear benefit demonstrated for higher levels of either the PUFAs or the MUFAs within recommended limits. Now, a Penn State study provides evidence that the optimum dietary fat isn't one that contains either more PUFAs or more MUFAs, but one that contains a proper balance of both to control cardiovascular risk factors. In the Penn State study, detailed in the current issue of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, two heart healthy oils, a new PUFA-rich sunflower oil (NuSun) and the more MUFA-rich olive oil, were compared in a diet designed to lower blood cholesterol levels. Dr. Penny Kris Etherton, distinguished professor of nutrition who directed the study, says, "We expected the PUFAs, which are higher in the sunflower oil than the olive oil, to produce a greater reduction in
total and LDL cholesterol levels in the study participants -- and they did. The surprise was the fact that the olive oil diet, which is also
low in saturated fat, did not lower cholesterol levels compared with the average American diet. Also surprising was that the greater percentage of PUFAs in the NuSun sunflower oil diet did not increase LDL oxidation products that are risk factors for atherosclerosis." The results are described in the paper, "Balance of Unsaturated Fatty Acids is Important to Cholesterol-Lowering Diet: Comparison of Mid-Oleic Sunflower Oil and Olive Oil on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors." The authors are Dr. Amy E. Binkoski, former Penn State doctoral student, Dr. Penny M. Kris-Etherton, distinguished professor of nutritional sciences, Dr. Thomas W. Wilson, assistant professor, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Margaret L. Mountain, dietitian, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Dr. Robert J. Nicolosi, professor and director of the Center for Health and Disease Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell. The researchers recruited 31 healthy men and women, ages 25 to 64, who had moderately elevated LDL cholesterol. The women's LDL cholesterol was in the 140 to 188 range and the men's was between 129 and 177. The participants each ate three different diets: an olive oil-based diet, a NuSun sunflower oil-based diet or an average American diet. The two oil-based diets limited fat to 30 percent of calories and the average American diet had 34 percent fat calories. The volunteers ate each diet for four weeks, took a two-week break when they ate their usual diet and then moved on to the next diet. Blood samples were taken at the end of each diet period. Analysis of the participants' blood samples showed that the NuSun sunflower oil diet significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol levels compared with the average American diet. No significant differences were observed between the olive oil diet and the average American diet.
The ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and LDL to HDL cholesterol were not significantly different among the three diets. Triglyceride levels also were similar among all three diets. Some previous studies have shown a greater production of oxidation products following consumption of a high PUFA diet compared with a high
MUFA diet. However, in this study, while the NuSun sunflower diet did not have a beneficial effect on LDL oxidation, there were no adverse effects despite the increase in PUFAs. Kris-Etherton says, "Within the context of a moderate fat diet, it is becoming clear that a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids provides
the greatest health benefits."
### The study was supported by a grant from the National Sunflower Association and a National Institutes of Health grant to Penn State's General Clinical Research Center, which also participated in the study.
John Sankey - 05 Jul 2005 19:56 GMT Follow the money. This was bought science.
TC - 05 Jul 2005 20:13 GMT > I find myself posting the same things over and over again, often for > new people, and so I can understand the need. However, I found this on [quoted text clipped - 94 lines] > General > Clinical Research Center, which also participated in the study. Dr. Penny Kris Etherton, "distinguished professor of nutrition" is a well known industry whore:
Penny Kris-Etherton, Ph.D., R.D., Department of Nutrition, Pennsylvania State University. Consultant to Campbell Soup on Intelligent Cuisine line (10/96, CSPI conversation with Campbell). Studies on chocolates (stearic acid) and cholesterol levels were supported by the American Cocoa Research Institute (an arm of the Chocolate Manufacturers Association). (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994;60(Suppl):1029S-36S;1037S-42S) Using PRNewswire (6/23/99), IFIC, the industry-sponsored International Food Information Council, suggested that journalists interested in trans fat call Kris- Etherton. On Nutrition Advisory Panel of the American Egg Board (1998). (http://web.archive.org/web/19991103230056/http://aeb.org/aeb/aeb-sources/science.html, 1999) Study on monounsaturated fats was supported by the Peanut Institute. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999;70:1009-15) Research on lipid and lipoprotein responses to different diets partially supported by Abbott Laboratories. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;70:839-46) Research on the effects of folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 on serum total homocysteine (tHcy) supported by Campbell Soup Company. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;70:881-7) Study that compared meal plans and self-selected diet in relation to cardiovascular risk reduction supported by Campbell Soup Company. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997;66:373-85) Study on the benefits of a prepared diet in relation to cardiovascular disease supported by Campbell Soup Company. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996;64:935-43) "Serves as a member of advisory committees to a number of food and pharmaceutical groups and has research support from the food industry." (http://www4.nas.edu/webcr.nsf/CommitteeDisplay/FNBX-H-01-05-A?OpenDocument; accessed 1/6/03)
So is this guy:
Robert J. Nicolosi, Ph.D., Center for Chronic Disease Control, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Research on immunologic effects of marine and plant derived polyunsaturated fatty acids in nonhuman primates supported in part by Kraft General Foods. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996;63:273-80)
And:
"The study was supported by a grant from the National Sunflower Association and a National Institutes of Health grant to Penn State's General Clinical Research Center, which also participated in the study."
This is one in a continuing saga of various companies trying desperately to get something that looks vaguely like real science to support their product or to counter findings from real science that questions the nutritional value of their product.
In a few words: MARKETING. SALES. MONEY. GREED.
And scientifically speaking: GARBAGE SCIENCE. GARBAGE SCIENTISTS. Complete lack of scientific integrity. Sellouts.
If you want a study to support your product, call Dr. Penny Kris ("The Industry Whore") Etherton. She'll say anything you want for a buck or two. And she'll wear a crisp, clean, white lab coat and hold a clipboard in a very distinguished scientific manner to make it really look scientific. She may be an industry whore but she's YOUR industry whore. She's not a real scientist but she plays one in the press.
TC
TC - 05 Jul 2005 20:30 GMT > > I find myself posting the same things over and over again, often for > > new people, and so I can understand the need. However, I found this on [quoted text clipped - 158 lines] > > TC And she is part of the idiotic new food pyramid committee.
http://www.ascn.org/ascnnews9-04.pdf
ASCN and FANSA OrganizationsCongratulate 2005 Dietary GuidelineCommittee.On August 27, ASCN, ASNS,the American College of Nutrition, theAmerican Dietetic Association, the AmericanSociety for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, theInstitute of Food Technologists, and the Society forNutrition Education, the seven professionalnutrition societies thatmakeup The Food andNutrition ScienceAlliance (FANSA),issued a press releasecongratulating themembers of the 2005Dietary GuidelinesAdvisory Committee ontheir report http://ascn.org/fansapr8-27-04.pdfFANSA praised the report that will serve as thebasis for the 2005 Dietary Guidelines forAmericans www.health.gov/dietaryguidelinesASCN Secretary, Dr. Janet King, served as chair ofthe committee and eight of the other 12 members ofthe committee are ASNS/ASCN members:
Drs.Benjamin Caballero, Fergus Clydesdale, Vay LiangGo, Penny Kris-Etherton, Joanne Lupton, TheresaNicklas, F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, and Connie Weaver
******
Have a good look at these names. they keep coming up over and over again whenever a study or a "scientist" praises grains or a specific manufactured food, or when a study or a "scientist" attacks low-carb.
TC
Sbharris[atsign]ix.netcom.com - 06 Jul 2005 02:15 GMT >>This is one in a continuing saga of various companies trying desperately to get something that looks vaguely like real science to support their product or to counter findings from real science that questions the nutritional value of their product. <<
COMMENT:
Real science is results independently verified, no matter who pays for them to be generated the first time.
Sure, there is "bought science." But I think it's comparitively rare. There's no good to anybody's career in publishing a paper that's unrepeatable, no matter how much you're paid. This WILL catch up to anybody.
Many a politician gets accused of having been "bought" , but the truth is that there's money available on just about any side of an issue, and no politician can get by without it (except the very, very rich in dinky campaigns). So the average politician probably starts out deciding whether he or she wants to be pro or antigun, pro or antichoice, pro or anti oil drilling or whatever, and then takes the contributions of whoever happens to be in agreement. If he doesn't, the other side wins by default, because somebody else will.
In nutrional science you do some prelim work and you see what the results are. If they come out in favor of this nutrient or that, you go and see who sells it, and you see if you can get some money to look at it some more. Is that prostitution? Not necessarily. So long as you state your conflict of interest clearly in the work, it's just data. If somebody independant repeats it later, it's there in the literature, serving a useful purpose and saving everybody a lot of time and money.
So be nice. It's NOT who funds the work. It's whether or not the results stand up to independent scrutiny.
SBH
Jim Chinnis - 06 Jul 2005 03:09 GMT "Sbharris[atsign]ix.netcom.com" <sbharris@ix.netcom.com> wrote in part:
>Sure, there is "bought science." But I think it's comparitively rare. >There's no good to anybody's career in publishing a paper that's >unrepeatable, no matter how much you're paid. This WILL catch up to >anybody. Very true. We all know of people who have published utterly unrepeatable studies and how their colleagues shun them and make jokes about their research.
"Irreproducible results" are both a disaster to a researcher and a great source of entertainment to others. -- Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu
Susan - 06 Jul 2005 03:45 GMT > "Sbharris[atsign]ix.netcom.com" <sbharris@ix.netcom.com> wrote in > part: [quoted text clipped - 12 lines] > -- > Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu Remember the guy who published research demonstrating that SIDS was inherited? It was all crap, and serial murderers got away with it because his view became the expert, prevailing orthodoxy.
Same sh.t with Lyme disease at academic centers.
No science in them thar scientists.
Susan
TC - 06 Jul 2005 17:59 GMT > "Sbharris[atsign]ix.netcom.com" <sbharris@ix.netcom.com> wrote in > part: [quoted text clipped - 12 lines] > -- > Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu Apparently there are plenty of "scientists" who will take the money at the cost of professional respect from their peers. Why do you need respect when you can have riches. Some of these guys are making millions.
TC
outrider@despammed.com - 06 Jul 2005 04:12 GMT This is the same argument used for prostitution: it's always going to be with us.
Change the system if the system is putrid. Quit making excuses for it, because right after the excuses for your colleagues comes your acceptance of graft for you. If it didn't come before the excuses, that is.
Zee
> >>This is one in a continuing saga of various companies trying > desperately to get something that looks vaguely like real science to [quoted text clipped - 32 lines] > > SBH Mr-Natural-Health - 06 Jul 2005 17:00 GMT > but I want to keep this to an examination of > the report only. Why?
The full text of the study is available for free online. I found nothing glaringly wrong with the full text study itself. My only complaint is that you should not be calling the new oil: Sunflower oil. It kind of strikes me as using a blend of canola and olive oil in order to get more PUFAs. I also question whether or not the average American diet contains so much MUFAs.
Dr. Zarkov - 08 Jul 2005 04:02 GMT >>but I want to keep this to an examination of >>the report only. [quoted text clipped - 7 lines] > order to get more PUFAs. I also question whether or not the average > American diet contains so much MUFAs. Where is the full text available free?
Mr-Natural-Health - 08 Jul 2005 14:30 GMT > > The full text of the study is available for free online. > > Where is the full text available free? http://www.adajournal.org/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB&searchDBfor=art&a rtType=full&id=as0002822305004839
Dr. Zarkov - 08 Jul 2005 18:17 GMT >>>The full text of the study is available for free online. >> >>Where is the full text available free? > > http://www.adajournal.org/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB&searchDBfor=art&a rtType=full&id=as0002822305004839 Thanks. I don't see anything glaringly wrong with the study either. It is limited by the limited time frame and number of subjects. I think it is oil from a hybrid sunflower plant that was developed to contain that ratio of fatty acids. That's OK, but it would have been nicer to have some omega-6.
Note also in the results that the total/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were not changed by either diet. And those are really the most important parameters. And there was a trend (though not significant) for improved lipid profile with olive oil, which is about what I would expect.
Dr. Zarkov - 08 Jul 2005 18:20 GMT >>>> The full text of the study is available for free online. >>> [quoted text clipped - 7 lines] > contain that ratio of fatty acids. That's OK, but it would have been > nicer to have some omega-6. [Sorry, I meant to say to include some omega-3 fatty acids. It is 32.6% C18:2 (omega-6), but with no omega-3.
> Note also in the results that the total/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios were not > changed by either diet. And those are really the most important > parameters. And there was a trend (though not significant) for improved > lipid profile with olive oil, which is about what I would expect. Enrico C - 09 Jul 2005 12:43 GMT > [Sorry, I meant to say to include some omega-3 fatty acids. It is 32.6% > C18:2 (omega-6), but with no omega-3. By the way, what do you make of this article, saying that "Over the past 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from corn, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ranges from {approx}20-30:1 instead of the traditional range of 1-2:1."...?
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/3/560S American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 70, No. 3, 560S-569S, September 1999 © 1999 American Society for Clinical Nutrition Supplements Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease1,2 Artemis P Simopoulos
1 From The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC.
Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained about equal amounts of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from corn, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ranges from {approx}20-30:1 instead of the traditional range of 1-2:1. Studies indicate that a high intake of n-6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and decreases in bleeding time. n-3 Fatty acids, however, have antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. These beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids have been shown in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and, in some patients with renal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most of the studies were carried out with fish oils [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)]. However, {alpha}-linolenic acid , found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the human body to EPA and DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases. [...]
Mr-Natural-Health - 09 Jul 2005 16:37 GMT > By the way, what do you make of this article, saying that "Over the past > 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n-6 > fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from corn, > sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. Today, in > Western diets, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ranges from > {approx}20-30:1 instead of the traditional range of 1-2:1."...? That is the primary argument against increasing the amount of PUFAs in your diet.
Contrary to what the former study says the importance of PUFA for cholesterol lowering is laughable. The natural method of controlling cholesterol is with fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains along with regular exercise.
NuSun sunflower oil, however, might be interested in the commerical market as an alternative to the hydrogenation of oil. I wouldn't object to the commerical use of NuSun sunflower oil if it means less trans fat.
Mr-Natural-Health - 10 Jul 2005 12:31 GMT > http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/3/560S This is a great reference! I have added it to my website at: http:/naturalhealthperspective.com/supplements/prevention.html
The topic of your post comes under "High rates of Prostanoid / Eicosanoid Synthesis."
I developed a table of acceptable dietary ranges at: http://food.naturalhealthperspective.com/dgtable.html quite a few years ago. The acceptable range of PUFAs, just like any Macronutrient, is quite limited. Since you are likely to be already consuming excessive amounts of Omega-6's, if you want to increase your PUFAs you would do so only by way of adding Omega-3's. Eat fish and or flaxseed. If you want to add flax oil directly to your diet than that would preclude any cooking.
The last thing that nybody should want to do is to add more sunflower PUFA cooking oil to their diet. If you are interested in that approach, then why not just use a health grade Canola oil? Or, perhaps a blend of olive and Canola? By far, an virgin olive oil is the healthiest oil to add to your diet, IMHO, because it will mostly be adding MUFAs to your diet.
Here again, if commercial food processors want to use this new oil, that might actually be quite beneficial since most people have to include some type of process food in their diets.
montygram - 10 Jul 2005 21:23 GMT The same thing often happened in my classes, that is, students would "go off on a tangent," and often miss the "big picture." My take on the "conspiracy" notions is that these people are too conventional in their thinking for it to cross their minds. They are just going along with the system, and indeed it is corrupt, as all social arrangements are to one degree or another. All you have to do is listen to the evening news for a few days, and you hear these guys contradict each other, and sometimes even themselves. It's truly laughable - better than anything on Comedy Central, unfortunately, for those who listen to them.
Now on to the science of the study. I'll just make a few observations for now (since there are always follow-ups):
How did they come to the conclusion that a "mixture" is best? Olive oil did nothing good, according to them, so why bother with it at all? How can one say that there were no adverse effects? Does heart disease develop in 4 weeks? They don't seem to realize that there comes a time when the antioxidant resources of the body reach a breaking point, and then serious damage occurs, often as a low-grade, chronic inflammatory process. They talk of a typical American diet that is higher in fat, but that almost certainly means a higher consumption of PUFAs. They also don't seem to realize that low quality olive oil is just about as bad as any of the high PUFA oils, especially if those oils are fresher. Did they run a Rancimat experiment to determine the susceptibility of the various major fatty acid sources to free radical degradation? If not, there is no way to predict which oils will cause more oxidative stress than another oil, and thus thee is no reason to be surprised at the readings for the markers of oxidative stress. It is a function of the quality of the oil, as well as the number of double bonds (as well as other, usually lesser, factors), which they don't seem to understand, though it's basic biochemistry. What we see here is a concern with markers that are out of date. Markers for oxidative stress may or may not be useful, because a healthy body can cope with rancid lipids for a while, but the key is how the body reacts years or even decades later. LDL cholesterol is very healthy - people die of low LDL (mostly of cancer, stroke, and shock from injury), but if it's oxidized then all bets are off, and there is no way to determine whether high or low LDL will result in higher mortality. The evidence varies greatly, as has been demonstrated by detailed examinations of the studies (see More's "Heart Failure" for a good examination that is not too technical). Fortunately, it does seem that the tide is turning. A couple of months ago, an AHA spokesman stated that only oxidized cholesterol is a problem, and a couple of days ago, there was this report in the local, mainstream newspaper (though the reporter clearly is using several key terms in confusing ways):
Fat levels tied to heart disease
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
July 7, 2005
New research gives the first solid evidence that a type of fat in the bloodstream can trigger the earliest steps that lead to clogged blood vessels, the top cause of heart attacks.
If further research bears this out, people might someday be tested for this fat, just as they are for cholesterol now, to see if they're in danger of having a heart attack. The study found that levels of the fat
strongly correlated with the risk of heart disease, especially in people under age 60.
"It is an important study," said Judith Berliner, a professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, who had no role in the research but wrote an editorial accompanying it in today's New England Journal of Medicine.
Doctors say the findings give people another reason to limit fat in their diets.
No one really knows what causes the formation of blockages, which can squeeze blood vessels shut and deprive the heart of nourishment.
"Most of the studies in the past have revolved around cholesterol," but
other factors also must be involved because cholesterol levels are normal in many heart attack victims, Berliner said.
Scientists have long suspected that one such factor might be oxidized phospholipids, a type of fat that's a major component of LDL or "bad cholesterol." Research in animals has found that this fat, floating in the bloodstream, contributes in many ways to blockage formation. The new research, led by Dr. Sotirios Tsimikas at the University of California, San Diego, is the first to show the same is true in people.
Tsimikas studied 504 people being tested for clogged arteries.
Among those 60 or younger, people with the highest levels of oxidized phospholipids were three times more likely to have blockages than those
with the lowest levels.
Those who had high phospholipids and high cholesterol were at even greater risk. Getting a measurement of the level of this fat must be done separately from tests for total cholesterol and LDL.
More research of phospholipid levels in all types of people is needed, said Dr. Sidney Smith, director of the center for cardiovascular diseases at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and past president of the American Heart Association.
http://www.newsday.com/mynews/ny-hshart074333752jul07,0,1689927.story
Mr-Natural-Health - 11 Jul 2005 00:09 GMT > consumption of PUFAs. They also don't seem to realize that low > quality olive oil is just about as bad as any of the high PUFA oils, > especially if those oils are fresher. Did they run a Rancimat YES, that could explain why the olive oil diet in this study was not very effective.
Did they use a dark green olive oil which would indicate a high antioxidant content or was it a golden brown colored oil? Was the olive oil extra virgin, virgin, or only a very low grade oil? It was almost certainly not cold pressed. The study, like the most of the vitamin E studies, was conveniently silent as to the specifics of what olive oil was actually used, as if that fact was totally insignificant.
Enrico C - 11 Jul 2005 01:09 GMT On 10 Jul 2005 16:09:33 -0700, Mr-Natural-Health wrote in <news:1121036973.913013.249960@o13g2000cwo.googlegroups.com> on sci.med.nutrition :
>> consumption of PUFAs. They also don't seem to realize that low >> quality olive oil is just about as bad as any of the high PUFA oils, [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] > antioxidant content or was it a golden brown colored oil? Was the > olive oil extra virgin, virgin, or only a very low grade oil? I don't know.
Anyway, as a bit of maybe useful information, if you buy Italian olive oil and it just says "olio d'oliva", then it contains mostly the refined type, not my favorite one! The 100% extra virgin olive unrefined oil, instead, has "extra vergine" written on its label [and, according to this Italian web page, http://www.aziendabettini.com/legislazione_olio.htm , if it's "extra vergine" that also implies it's cold-pressed].
All that applies for Italian products, other countries may have different laws on olive oil labelling.
> It was > almost certainly not cold pressed. Probably.
Here is an Italian web site about the different methods for cold-pressing olive fruits (in Italian "spremitura", that is to say "squeezing") http://www.aziendabettini.com/spremitura.htm It says that, by law, cold pressing of olive fruits has to be made at no more than 27 degrees Centigrade.
> The study, like the most of the > vitamin E studies, was conveniently silent as to the specifics of what > olive oil was actually used, as if that fact was totally insignificant. And, on the other side, they used a quite special type of "sunflower oil" ;)
Mr-Natural-Health - 06 Jul 2005 17:12 GMT > will add my commentary, but I want to keep this to an examination of > the report only. [quoted text clipped - 5 lines] > > POLY/MONO BALANCE IMPORTANT TO CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DIET
> Now, a Penn State study provides evidence that the optimum dietary fat > isn't one that contains either more PUFAs or more MUFAs, but one that > contains a proper balance of both to control cardiovascular risk > factors. The study did not test for this conclusion, even if the the title of the study was "Balance of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Is Important to a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet."
The study clearly showed that more PUFAs was clearly better and that the average American was already getting the same amount of MUFAs contained in olive oil.
While the study did test 3 different balances of oils, they did not test the same balance at several different absolute amounts of fat.
John Sankey - 07 Jul 2005 11:23 GMT "Sure, there is "bought science." But I think it's comparatively rare. There's no good to anybody's career in publishing a paper that's unrepeatable, no matter how much you're paid. This WILL catch up to anybody."
Unfortunately, that is wrong in fields where big commercial money is involved. Once you have tenure at a university, a lot of your status depends on how much grant money you can bring in. The more money you have, the more grad students you can pay and get. Lots of academics pick their industry and stay there. I've all too much first hand experience of this with pesticides and human health, and my sister says pharmaceuticals are just as bad.
One of the most common methods is to determine which test will give the results the customer wants to hear, as opposed to the tests that would maximize the chance of getting things right. Unless you are an expert in the analysis method used, this can be very difficult to detect. But, the test used WILL be repeatable and the results of that test properly reported - it's just that it's misleading or irrelevant with respect to the question.
The use of this study's authors of a trademarked name of the grantor, as opposed to a generic name, is a dead-ringer giveaway. Anyone trying to get things right will note the brand name of products used in a footnote for purposes of identification so tests can be replicated, but will never use them as a focus of main text.
Skip TC's comment about 'these guys are making millions', though. A prof can make a lot of money off consulting or by combining a university position with active work for a specific company, but I know of no university that does not require that study grant money be used to further the research. Also, don't forget that universities tithe a percentage of all grant money to fund general operations. You almost never find a university objecting to paid research as long as it looks respectable, you'll only find them checking papers to ensure that any grants reported comply with the law and their policies. There is more than one Canadian university who funds a significant part of their operations this way.
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