Op 23-11-2007 20:59, in artikel
e43ae082-09ab-47f5-ab9e-2eb1ab1151b3@d61g2000hsa.googlegroups.com,
a_plutonium <a_plutonium@hotmail.com> schreef:

Constructing Central Theories about the Uniqueness of Humanity is ok, but
1) throwing,
2) bipedality &
3) big brains
have nothing to do with each other:

1)
Frans de Waal, evol-psych 22.9.01: Now, please, don't believe everything you
hear about apes not throwing. Darwin was talking about monkeys, and
Goodall's chimps may not have had much practice.  In all research facilities
with chimpanzees it is known how well apes throw. This is why projectiles
are kept away from them, and why they mostly work with feces. They are
deadly accurate, they swing around from the back of their cage and
invariably "nail" the one new face in the crowd with deadly accuracy. Ask
any worker in such a facility: it's not rare, and no illusion!      Out in
the open, their skills are even more striking. I used to photograph the
Arnhem chimpanzees from across the moat, where they were at about 10 m from
me. I had to be extremely careful because young males tended to throw
extremely well. They would see my eye go behind the camera, and all of a
sudden it turned out they had a stone with them which they'd throw at me.
Males more than females, mostly overhand. (Another tidbit in the debate
whether they know if our eyes are for seeing or not …).   Then there was the
mother who came to the reception with her crying son. She complained that
our chimps threw stones. After questioning and an account by a bystander it
turned out that the boy had thrown first, and that the same stone had come
back to him. The estimated distance of this case was 25 m.          In
short, the idea that apes can't throw is bogus. It has been around for a
long time, but should be tested with apes who have had target practice. I
invite all man-the-thrower advocates for a visit - at least if they don't
mind some smelly stuff coming their way!
http://www.uncoveror.com/baboons.htm  Curious Child Causes Baboon Fracas - A
3d-grader on a school-outing to the San Jose Zoo caused an ugly scene. His
older brother told him not to throw rocks at the red-a.s baboons : when they
throw them back, they don't miss. He wanted to see if it was true. George
Simms picked up a rock , threw it at the biggest baboon he could see. It
whizzed past Bobo, dominant♂ in the Hamadryas , landed just behind him. Bobo
noticed who had thrown the rock, flew into a rage, picked it up, threw it
back, hitting little George squarely in the forehead, knocking him out cold.
The Baboon then proceeded to screech loudly, jumping up+down, showing his
teeth.   A little girl, Susan Parker, yelled "You bad monkey!" , threw the
rock a 3d time. This time it fell just short of an infant baboon. The entire
troop became agitated , started to fling rocks, dirt clods, mud & their
feces at the children, their teacher& all other Hs within sight, never once
missing a target.   As children began to drop like flies, adults began to
panic, some Pt in the display behind them thought flinging things looked
like fun, so they joined in, completely surrounding the bewildered zoo
patrons.  By the time the apes had nothing more to fling, 9 children & 3
adults lay unconscious, many others were crying & moaning in pain, bleeding
& holding on to wounds. Those only needing first aid were treated at the
zoo, the rest were rushed to nearby hospitals. The young boy who started it
all remains hospitalized in serious condition.  As little George Simms & all
his classmates learned the hard way, it is not just a myth or an old wives
tale. Don't throw rocks at the red-a.s baboons. When they throw them back,
they don't miss!"

2)
probably predates the human/gibbon split c.18 Ma or so, and mid-Miocene
fossils (Morotopithecus) had lumbar vertebrae with transverse processes on
the vertebral arch, which suggests they had an upright posture:
A.Filler 2007 "The upright ape" & recent papers.

3)
Brains larger than in apes & apiths appear AFAWK only in Pleistocene.

Moments like this I wish I was an expert in protein function

--- quoting from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=2/show/Genes
   * ABCA12: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 12
   * ACVR1: activin A receptor, type I
   * AGXT: alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase
   * ALMS1: Alstrom syndrome 1
   * ALS2: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (juvenile)
   * APOB: apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)
   * ATG16L1: ATG16 autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)
   * BARD1: BRCA1 associated RING domain 1
   * BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/
threonine kinase)
   * CNGA3: cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3
   * COL3A1: collagen, type III, alpha 1 (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type
IV, autosomal dominant)
   * COL4A3: collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen)
   * COL4A4: collagen, type IV, alpha 4
   * COL5A2: collagen, type V, alpha 2
   * CPS1: carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1, mitochondrial
   * CYP1B1: cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1
   * D2HGDH: D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
   * DCTN1: dynactin 1 (p150, glued homolog, Drosophila)
   * DFNB59: deafness, autosomal recessive 59
   * EDAR: ectodysplasin A receptor
   * EIF2B4: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B, subunit 4
delta, 67kDa
   * HADHA: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme
A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha
subunit
   * HADHB: hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-Coenzyme
A thiolase/enoyl-Coenzyme A hydratase (trifunctional protein), beta
subunit
   * MSH2: mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E.
coli)
   * MSH6: mutS homolog 6 (E. coli)
   * NR4A2: nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2
   * OTOF: otoferlin
   * PAX3: paired box 3
   * PAX8: paired box 8
   * SLC3A1: solute carrier family 3 (cystine, dibasic and neutral
amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral
amino acid transport), member 1
   * SLC40A1: solute carrier family 40 (iron-regulated transporter),
member 1
   * TPO: thyroid peroxidase

--- end quoting from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=2/show/Genes

The theme of the textbook Stonethrowing theory is that Throwing
behaviour delivered a new
species out of the ape species some 10 million years ago all due to
one new behaviour--
throwing. Where this new behaviour garnered more food, more mates and
which accelerated
the change in anatomy of these Throwing creatures to become a human
anatomy. What
makes us different from apes was a Throwing ape some 10 million years
ago. And that history
should be traceable in the genetics where the opposable thumb and
rotator cuff and the
non-knuckle-walking and the hands and fingers and the bipedalism also
came about due to the
pressure of throwing better demands bipedalism.

So one behaviour --- Throwing --- caused the existence of humanity
from apes.

And the genetics should bear it out.

I am told that Human Chromosome #2 is the second largest human
chromosome so it has
alot of genes. And from the above it appears that this chromosome has
BMPR2: bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine
kinase)

Now do the apes of chimpanzees or orangutans or gorilla or bonobo have
BMPR2?

So that if we make a gene by gene correlation where apes have a gene
but humans do not
or where humans have a muscle bone anatomy gene and apes do not. Well,
we can get to
the very heart and foundation of the science of Anthropology and
before the end of this century
that anthropology as a science should be a nearly completed science
where the only future
questions are just details.

Archimedes Plutonium
www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies