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Medical Forum / Diseases and Disorders / Lupus / August 2008Red Meat Iron and Coronary Heart Disease
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Original Article Heme Iron From Diet as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Lu Qi, MD, PHD1,2, Rob M. van Dam, PHD1, Kathryn Rexrode, MD, MPH3 and Frank B. Hu, MD, PHD1,2,4 1 Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 2 Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 3 Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 4 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Lu Qi, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115. E- mail: nhlqi@channing.harvard.edu OBJECTIVE—Diabetes-related metabolic abnormality may aggravate the adverse effects of iron overload on cardiovascular health. However, little is known about whether iron consumption affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively assessed the associations of long-term intakes of dietary iron and red meat with CHD risk among 6,161 women who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS—During 54,455 person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2000, we documented 550 incident cases of CHD. After adjustment for age and BMI, high intakes of both heme iron and red meat were associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal CHD (P for trend = 0.003 and 0.018), coronary revascularization (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.06), and total CHD (P for trend = 0.0009 and 0.007). Women with the highest intake of heme iron had 50% (6–94%) increased risk of total CHD compared with those with the lowest intake. Further adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors did not appreciably change the associations. The positive association between heme iron and red meat intakes and CHD was more evident among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:101-106, 2007 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1686 © 2007 by the American Diabetes Association Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/634q5a Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk On Aug 28, 7:33 pm, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote:heme iron << Iron content of meat linked to heart attack March 01, 1999 NEW YORK (Reuters Health)--Elderly individuals are at greater risk of having a fatal heart attack if they consume a diet that is rich in heme iron, according to a study conducted in the Netherlands. In a study of more than 4,800 people, those who consumed the highest amounts of heme iron - found in meat, fish, and poultry - had almost double the risk of heart attack compared with those who consumed the lowest levels. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Further analysis of the data "indicated that the association of heme iron with (heart attack) was more pronounced in fatal cases," the researchers write. During the 4-year study, 124 of the subjects had either a fatal or non-fatal heart attack, reported Dr. Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch from the Erasmus University Medical School in Rotterdam, and colleagues in the American Journal of Epidemiology. Those who had the lowest daily total dietary iron had an average intake of 9.3 milligrams, while those in the highest level had an average daily intake of 14.3 milligrams - although total iron was not related to heart attack risk. Average daily intakes for heme iron were 0.48 milligrams and 1.36 milligrams for the lowest and highest consumers, respectively. The authors note that the association between elevated levels of heme iron and heart attack in the presence of other risk factors is "compatible with the hypothesis that iron plays a role in promoting LDL cholesterol oxidation," thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The team concludes that "a high dietary heme iron intake increases the risk of myocardial infarction in the presence of other risk factors and may specifically affect its fatality." ------------------------------ Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/634q5a Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk On Aug 28, 7:33 pm, ironjustice <ironjust...@cashette.com> wrote:heme iron and red meat << Iron, Red Meat May Up Heart Disease Risk For Women -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Medically Reviewed On: February 13, 2007 (iVillage Total Health) - Women with type 2 diabetes may be at greater risk of developing coronary heart disease if they consume large amounts of iron in red meats, according to a new study. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health's Department of Nutrition found that iron overloads over a long period of time increased the risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack and the need for coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty for diabetic women. The study used data collected in the Nurses' Health Study, a long-term assessment of medical histories of 121,700 female registered nurses ages 30 to 55. The Harvard researchers selected 6,161 of the women— those who indicated they had type 2 diabetes. Participants were tracked from 1980 to 2000 and given periodic questionnaires assessing their health, food intake and incidence of chronic diseases and illness. Researchers noted that little is known about the health effects of dietary iron on cardiovascular risk in diabetes. So-called "heme iron" is iron derived from red meat, poultry and seafood. For this study, red meat was defined as beef, pork or lamb in a main dish, hamburger, hot dogs, processed meats and bacon. The study found that heme iron intake was also associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and death, especially among postmenopausal women. Researchers believed that because premenopausal women lose a significant amount of iron during their monthly menstrual cycles, they may be less likely to develop coronary heart problems. Researchers could not be certain how much of the heart disease link may have been due to saturated fats found in red meats. Saturated fats contain cholesterol, fatty deposits that clog blood vessels and lead to high blood pressure and heart disease. The study was published in the January issue of Diabetes Care, the journal of the American Diabetes Association. Copyright 2007 iVillage Total Health. Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/634q5a Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk please explain the pertinence of: >CONCLUSIONSOur data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and >red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes. to fibromyalgia newsgroup > Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk > Original Article [quoted text clipped - 56 lines] > DEAD PEOPLE WALKING > http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk On Aug 29, 12:56 pm, "Paul T. Holland" <pholl...@bellatlantic.net> wrote: long winded whack << http://kook.us/holland.htm Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Original Article Heme Iron From Diet as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Lu Qi, MD, PHD1,2, Rob M. van Dam, PHD1, Kathryn Rexrode, MD, MPH3 and Frank B. Hu, MD, PHD1,2,4 1 Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 2 Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 3 Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 4 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Lu Qi, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115. E- mail: nh...@channing.harvard.edu OBJECTIVE—Diabetes-related metabolic abnormality may aggravate the adverse effects of iron overload on cardiovascular health. However, little is known about whether iron consumption affects coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively assessed the associations of long-term intakes of dietary iron and red meat with CHD risk among 6,161 women who reported a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS—During 54,455 person-years of follow-up from 1980 through 2000, we documented 550 incident cases of CHD. After adjustment for age and BMI, high intakes of both heme iron and red meat were associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal CHD (P for trend = 0.003 and 0.018), coronary revascularization (P for trend = 0.02 and 0.06), and total CHD (P for trend = 0.0009 and 0.007). Women with the highest intake of heme iron had 50% (6–94%) increased risk of total CHD compared with those with the lowest intake. Further adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors did not appreciably change the associations. The positive association between heme iron and red meat intakes and CHD was more evident among postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS—Our data indicate that higher consumption of heme iron and red meat may increase CHD risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:101-106, 2007 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1686 © 2007 by the American Diabetes Association Who loves ya. Tom Jesus Was A Vegetarian! http://tinyurl.com/634q5a Man Is A Herbivore! http://tinyurl.com/4rq595 DEAD PEOPLE WALKING http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk |
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