phytate <<

"It is particularly effective when combined with phosphate ions.
Trehalose has also been used in at least one biopharmaceutical
formulation, the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, marketed as
Herceptin."

"Brain iron accumulation disorders, Huntington's disease , HDL1-3,
inherited prion disease, spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 3 and 17,
neuroacanthocytosis, dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA),
Wilson's disease, benign hereditary chorea, Friedreich's ataxia ,
mitochondrial disease, vascular disease, post-infective autoimmune
central nervous system disorders (PANDAS), drugs, systemic lupus
erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, AIDS,
chorea
gravidarum, and polycythaemia rubra vera. "

Pract Neurol. 2007 Nov;7(6):360-73.
The differential diagnosis of chorea.
Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ.
Clinical Research Fellow and Honorary Clinical Assistant.

Chorea is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by excessive
spontaneous movements that are irregularly timed, randomly
distributed
and abrupt. In this article, the authors discuss the causes of
chorea,
particularly Huntington's disease and the genetic syndromes that may
resemble it, including HDL1-3, inherited prion disease,
spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 3 and 17, neuroacanthocytosis,
dentatorubro-
pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), brain iron accumulation disorders,
Wilson's disease, benign hereditary chorea, Friedreich's ataxia and
mitochondrial disease. Acquired causes of chorea include vascular
disease, post-infective autoimmune central nervous system disorders
(PANDAS), drugs, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid
syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, AIDS, chorea gravidarum, and polycythaemia
rubra vera. The authors suggest an approach to the clinical
assessment
of chorea, the value of investigations, including genetic tests (for
which they offer a structured framework highlighting the importance
of
prior counselling), and finally briefly discuss symptomatic drug
treatment of chorea.

PMID: 18024776 [PubMed - in process]
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Trehalose opens new approach to treatment of polyglutamine diseases

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
caused by a mutation that expands the CAG polyglutamine repeat in the
huntingtin gene beyond normal.
As the formation of insoluble protein aggregates may be linked to the
cellular distortions underlying HD, molecules or proteins that inhibit
their formation have been investigated at RIKEN.
In vitro screening studies showed that various disaccharides can
inhibit polyglutamine-mediated protein aggregation.
The most potent compound, trehalose, stabilized proteins containing
an expanded polyglutamine and decreased formation of aggregates dose-
dependently without inducing any cellular toxicity.
Oral administration (2%) in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD
decreased polyglutamine aggregates in the cerebrum and liver, improved
motor
dysfunction and extended life-span in a dose-dependent manner.
The elevated rate of diabetes in R6/2 mice mimics symptoms observed in
HD
patients.
The examination of fasting blood glucose in R6/2 and wild- type
trehalose-treated (2%) mice were comparable to that of control
mice.
The interaction between disaccharide compounds and polyglutamine-
mediated protein aggregation may provide a novel approach for the
treatment of polyglutamine diseases
(Tanaka, M. et al. Nat Med 2004, 10(2): 148).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose

It is particularly effective when combined with phosphate ions[2].
Trehalose has also been used in at least one biopharmaceutical
formulation, the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, marketed as
Herceptin.
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http://tinyurl.com/27c8kk

PROPERTIES OF TREHALOSE
Trehalose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules bound by
an alpha, alpha-1, 1 linkage.
Since the reducing end of a glucosyl residue is connected with the
other,
trehalose has no reducingpower.
Trehalose is widely distributed in nature.
It is known to be one of the sources of energy in mostliving
organisms and can be found in many organisms, including bacteria,
fungi, insects, plants, and invertebrates.
Mushrooms contain up to 10- 25 % trehalose by dry weight.
Furthermore, trehalose pro-tects organisms against various stresses,
such as dryness, freezing, and osmopressure.
In the case of resurrection plants, which can live in a
dry state, when the water dries up, the plants dry up too.
However,they can successfully revive when placed in water.
The anhydrobitic organisms are able to tolerate the lack of water
owing to
their ability to synthesize large quantities of trehalose, and the
trehalose plays a key role in stabilizing membranes and other
macromolecular assemblies under extreme environmental conditions.
The properties of trehalose are shown in Table 1.
Its relative sweetness is 45 % of sucrose.
Trehalose has high thermostability and a wide pH- stability range.
Therefore, it is one of the most sta-ble saccharides.
When 4 % trehalose solutions with 3.5 to 10 pH were heated at 100 °C
for 24 h, nodegradation of trehalose was observed in any case.
Because of nonreducing sugar, this saccharide does not show Maillard
reaction
with amino compounds such as amino acids or proteins.
Its particular physical features make it an extremely attractive
substance for
industrial applications.
Furthermore, this saccharide shows good sweetness like sucrose, and in
the food industry, this saccharide is used as a sweetener.
*Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 74, No. 7, 2002.
A special topic issue on the science of sweeteners.
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Soooo .. this would be a brown rice mushroom .. medley .. sweetened
with .. honey .. ?

Phosphates from THE chaff / brown OF the rice .. trehalose from THE
mushroom and also trehalose from .. THE honey ..

Who loves ya.
Tom

Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh

Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595

DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk