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Medical Forum / Diseases and Disorders / Glaucoma / September 2005

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Ocular Hypertensives

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Joe Lockwood - 30 Jul 2005 02:06 GMT
Regarding ocular hypertensives with a healthy optic nerve, DR Spaeth of
Wills mentioned in a recent online Chat a study by Linner and Stombar.  I
have not been able to find a copy of this study.  Google only hits on his
chat highlights.  Anybody know where a copy of this study can be found?
Joseph Lockwood
eyeguyrc@aol.com - 31 Jul 2005 03:06 GMT
I did a Pubmed search under Linner, E, who has tons of ophthalmic
related articles, mostly in the 1960's through early '70's.  The
article to which you refer, co-authored with Stromberg, U, was printed
in  Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1964;42(4):836-48.

It was entitled "The course of untreated ocular hypertension. A
tonographic study." and the abstract of the article was unavailable.  I
don't know how useful looking up an article from 1964 would be.  The
results of the recently-completed Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study
(OHTS) randomized patients with ocular hypertension to treatment vs.
observation.  This large, multicentered study showed that, after 5
years of follow-up, roughly 10% of untreated patients progressed to
show true glaucoma (based on definitive changes in the optic nerve or
by progressive visual field loss), vs. only 5% in the treated group.
You therefore can reduce your risk of glaucomatous optic nerve damage
very significantly with treatment, according to this study.
Hope that helps.
--Rick Cohn, MD
Glaucoma Specialist
Winter Park, FL
Joe Lockwood - 31 Jul 2005 21:03 GMT
Thanks for tracking down the source and getting the names right.  I will dig
deeper into both studies.
Joseph Lockwood
>I did a Pubmed search under Linner, E, who has tons of ophthalmic
> related articles, mostly in the 1960's through early '70's.  The
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
> Glaucoma Specialist
> Winter Park, FL
Tom - 09 Aug 2005 03:12 GMT
> I did a Pubmed search under Linner, E, who has tons of ophthalmic
> related articles, mostly in the 1960's through early '70's.  The
[quoted text clipped - 16 lines]
> Glaucoma Specialist
> Winter Park, FL

Is this study called,

Comparison of Glaucomatous
Progression Between Untreated Patients With
Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Patients With
Therapeutically Reduced Intraocular Pressures

________________________________
Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group*
frasercrane - 10 Aug 2005 06:40 GMT
>>I did a Pubmed search under Linner, E, who has tons of ophthalmic
>>related articles, mostly in the 1960's through early '70's.  The
[quoted text clipped - 26 lines]
> ________________________________
> Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group*

Forgive me for being a bit naive about scientific studies, but I'm not
clear on what went on in this study.  Let's just assume a few things and
if my assumptions are poor or incorrect, feel free to correct them.

Let's suppose 1000 patients made up the untreated group (U) of NTG
patients and 1000 patients were in the treated (T) group [who were also
NTG?].  What I think the study then would say is that 100 of those in
Group U went on to show true glaucoma while only 50 in Group T.  From
that one could say the number of those left untreated who went on to
show true glaucoma was twice the number of those who were treated.  In
that sense, treatment is "significant" in reducing the "risk" of
glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

What appears to be left out is the status of 900 untreated NTG patients
who did not progress.  If I'm intrepreting this correctly, one could say
an NTG patient's chances are 9 out of 10 for no progression, even if
they do not get treated.  Moreover, nothing is said about the 950
treated NTG patients who did not progress.  The odds (risks) are only
900 to 950 that a patient will avoid progression if s/he continues in
treatment as opposed to continuing to avoid treatment. [this is where my
math may falter]

If "treatment" is merely medications, then sideffects are essentially
what can go wrong. When any sort of surgery (be it laser or the true
invasive kind) is thrown in, the risks are increased--although the
medical establishment and many posters here--would have us believe there
is minimal risk in most of the procedures described and espoused here.

If there is a more current survey of those who forego surgery and
followup on them, glaucoma patients would benefit greatly--but a result
that no treatment is nearly as effective as treatment would harm the
medical fisc, not to mention egos.
eyeguyrc@aol.com - 13 Aug 2005 03:23 GMT
OK, let's correct a few things here.  First of all, the OHTS study was
not done on patients with NTG.  The patients in the study did NOT have
glaucoma.  They had ocular hypertension (elevated eye pressure without
evidence of optic nerve damage).  Secondly, one MUST keep in mind that
this is only a five year study.  Glaucoma is a very slow process that
can take 20 - 30 years to run its course.  There is a high likelihood
that those who did not develop physical optic nerve damage as seen by
photography or visual field loss WOULD have in a study done over, say,
20 or 30 years.  The study is ongoing, and soon we will see the data
from the next five years.  That will be a lot more telling.  Keep in
mind that: 1) optic nerve damage, based on our current technology, is
not reversable.  This means that once you reach the endpoint of the
"non-treatment" group here, SOME damage must have occured.  There are
many who believe that once axons start dying and releasing their inner
particles and chemical makeup, they cause a cascade of cell death that
effects adjacent cells and leads to progressive damage, regardless of
IOP.  Therefore, even a "little" nerve damage is a very bad thing.  If
treatment makes my eye red and makes my lashes grow, but keeps my axons
alive, I'll take treatment every time!
    Let's go back to one point you made which borders on both ignorant
and obnoxious.  You say the medical establishment would have you
believe that surgery has a minimal risk?  Where did you come up with
that one?  As part of the "medical establishment" let me assure you,
most of us bend over backwards to avoid doing eye surgery for glaucoma.
The risks of mild visual reduction with glaucoma filtering surgery are
fairly high from hypotony (too low of an IOP), induced astigmatism, or
corneal dryness.  Severe complications, like a blinding infection, are
fortunately rare.  Failure of the surgery, from excessive healing, may
be as high as 10-15%.  I NEVER let patients believe that glaucoma
surgery is a "walk in the park."  It isn't.  Followup in the office can
be rigorous (often twice a week), and I can assure you, the financial
reimbursement is hardly worth all of the hassels (keep in mind that one
cannot bill for services for 90 days after surgery...so all of the
postop visits are gratis).  Personally, I love when I am able to
control someone's IOP with medications.  Surgery is ALWAYS a last
resort for me.
    As for your last point, there are a multitude of studies (you can
go find them on medline yourself) which show that lowering IOP, by
medication or surgery, reduces the rate of visual field
progression...that is in GLAUCOMA patients...those who already have
SOME field loss or nerve damage.  Keep in mind that the OHTS study was
on patients with no nerve damage, and many of us simply follow patients
with no damage at regular intervals without treatment.  I get no
kickbacks from any pharmaceutical companies...most doctors don't,
especially with the new "Pharma" guildelines in place.  I "offer"
patients the choice of treatment or not for ocular hypertentsion by
presenting them information from the OHTS study.  Whether they decide
to use drops or not has no impact on doctors or their egos...implying
that simply shows your ignorance of the medical establishment.
--Rick Cohn, MD
Glaucoma Specialist
Winter Park, FL
frasercrane - 13 Aug 2005 09:00 GMT
> OK, let's correct a few things here.  First of all, the OHTS study was
> not done on patients with NTG.  The patients in the study did NOT have
[quoted text clipped - 48 lines]
> Glaucoma Specialist
> Winter Park, FL

Thank you for your detailed response.  I've come to learn your replies
are among the more straightforward, more learned and more unbiased on
this board.

First, I read what you posted in a reply earlier, and I included NTG
only because a poster after you added that, and I made the presumption
this poster was adding more information about the study. Mind you, I
specifically left myself open for correction since my math is poor and I
never read the study.  It is, however, somewhat curious you never
challenged my mathemetical assumptions.

Second, you fall back on the "high likelihood" of the untreated
participants developing some optic nerve damage that would be seen in a
study extending "20 or 30 years."  I guess my query is how "high" a
likelihood?  And even granting your premise, there is a real possibility
that in a 20 or 30 year study, a fair number may still develop no nerve
damage.  That is what this study will purport to determine.  I would
welcome the outcome of a true longitudinal study--would the glaucoma
practitioners?  Also, in 20 or 30 years, "current technology" will
hopefully have improved, rendering the study moot.

Third, you cite some treatment side-effects.  I had conceded that
medications were not a major concern--you can always stop taking them.
My concern was the increased risk with surgery. As for "bordering on
ignorant and obnoxious," you ask about a basis for this opinion.  Just
as you cite your own practice of "NEVER" advising that surgery is a
"walk in the park," I can only refer to my personal experiences with
medical (not just glaucoma) practitioners...obtained in Manhattan.  I
have been treated at two of the major institutions here (NYEEI and Mt
Sinai) and by two of the more renowned glaucoma specialists.  The rush
to surgery (perhaps predicated on my condition) was at breakneck speed,
and more importantly, there was absolutely and unequivocally, a
minimization of the risks involved, if even disclosed.  I declined both
a trabeculectomy  and laser surgery.  The way it is phrased by the
doctors I've seen is always, "The benefits outweigh the risks."  And
after I've told them I've decided against it, they cannot fathom why
anyone would not do as the doctor says.  I've spent futile minutes (no
MD will give you more than a few) trying to explain a benefit/risk ratio
is very subjective; the MDs will say it is objective, and say your
alternative is to go blind. [so, I will not even attempt to do that
here]  The bottom line in glaucoma cases is that the specialist can do
no more after that, as great a researcher and healer tho s/he may be.
[and if that be obnoxious, it also be the truth...further, if it be
obnoxious, it might also be that having been mistaken for being gods,
MDs are humbled and at a loss when powerless to arrest a condition]

At one of these institutions, I was also very quickly urged to join a
study.  I was not advised of the risks and only after I asked for a full
disclosure, all of the release documents and a meeting with the study
coordinator did I get all of the details.  There was IMHO far more
concern for the study and the concomitant grants than the patient.  EG I
was prescribed a medication which directly caused me a severe
side-effect.  While it may have been a rare one, I was never told of it
and I did ask.    When I told the MD of it, there was not an eyelash
batted.  There are many more indicia, that I will not go into, in my
many years of dealing with top Manhattan MDs that can render any patient
very wary of the "medical establishment."  [and again IMHO I am not as
"ignorant" an individual or patient as some would like to think, by any
criteria anyone could choose]

I really don't see how it was inferred from my post that I was decrying
pharmaceutical company kickbacks.  But forgive me if I did somehow.
What I thought I was implying was that if surgery were found useless,
then a major source of funds would be eliminated for glaucoma specialist
who I can only guess must earn 50%(?) of their income from surgery.  I
did not really think that MDs make their living by getting rebates from
drug companies.

Lastly, you refer me to the many studies available.  From what I already
know--and I'm sure someone will correct me if I'm wrong, we cannot
overlook the fact that reducing IOP is reducing a risk factor.  It is
not yet a cause-effect relationship, right?  If you lower IOP to 4 B/L,
you can still go very blind, correct?  Reducing weight, lowering
cholesterol, stopping smoking, exercising, etc, may help, but do prevent
heart attacks--these are risk factors.

I think the math I spoke of earlier was glossed over.  100 of 1000
untreated ocular hypertensives (not NTG) went on to show true glaucoma,
but 900 did not. What say you of this?  Also, this last point on risk
factor has been given short shrift. They're interrelated.  I thought
the study findings were the core of my post; I added one sentence at the
end on surgery, the fisc and egos and that becomes the focus?

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

my original reply FYI:

 Is this study called,

> Comparison of Glaucomatous
> Progression Between Untreated Patients With
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
> ________________________________
> Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group*

Forgive me for being a bit naive about scientific studies, but I'm not
clear on what went on in this study.  Let's just assume a few things and
if my assumptions are poor or incorrect, feel free to correct them.

Let's suppose 1000 patients made up the untreated group (U) of NTG
patients and 1000 patients were in the treated (T) group [who were also
NTG?].  What I think the study then would say is that 100 of those in
Group U went on to show true glaucoma while only 50 in Group T.  From
that one could say the number of those left untreated who went on to
show true glaucoma was twice the number of those who were treated.  In
that sense, treatment is "significant" in reducing the "risk" of
glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

What appears to be left out is the status of 900 untreated NTG patients
who did not progress.  If I'm intrepreting this correctly, one could say
an NTG patient's chances are 9 out of 10 for no progression, even if
they do not get treated.  Moreover, nothing is said about the 950
treated NTG patients who did not progress.  The odds (risks) are only
900 to 950 that a patient will avoid progression if s/he continues in
treatment as opposed to continuing to avoid treatment. [this is where my
math may falter]

If "treatment" is merely medications, then sideffects are essentially
what can go wrong. When any sort of surgery (be it laser or the true
invasive kind) is thrown in, the risks are increased--although the
medical establishment and many posters here--would have us believe there
is minimal risk in most of the procedures described and espoused here.

If there is a more current survey of those who forego surgery and
followup on them, glaucoma patients would benefit greatly--but a result
that no treatment is nearly as effective as treatment would harm the
medical fisc, not to mention egos.
eyeguyrc@aol.com - 20 Aug 2005 22:18 GMT
I DID address your comment about the "900 untreated patients" who did
not show progression...I said, and I'll mention again, that glaucoma is
usually a slowly progressive process and the OHTS study was only a five
year study (longer than many are...it is hard to keep studies going for
20-30 years as patients move away, they die, or they simply get tired
of participating).  Many more of the 90% who did not progress in five
years are likely to progress over the next 20.  Those of us in the
field are eagerly awaiting the next 5 years of data which should be out
over the next year or two.
   Sorry if I offended you.  I am a fellow New Yorker and even spent
some time during med school at NY E&E...would have done my fellowship
with Bob Ritch there if I could have put up with living in Manhattan.
I learned an important lesson after reading the book, "The House of
God," many years ago.  It was a book about an intern's experiences
working in medicine in a big NY hospital.  His resident, nicknamed "The
Fat Man," had many sayings, one of which was, "The patient is the one
with the disease."  By this he meant that you do, as a physician, what
you can to help the patient, but you must remember that he/she is the
one who makes the decisions about his/her care, and you can't mourn for
all of those who have a bad outcome.  A personal addendum to that would
be "bad things happen to good people."  I also like Benjamin Franklin's
saying, "God heals the patient and the doctor takes the fee."
Unfortunately, as you noted, people lose vision sometimes despite
agressive therapy, and sometimes as a result of that therapy.
Nevertheless, most doctors make decisions with the patients' best
interests in mind, whether you accept that as your personal reality or
not.  After leaving NY I managed to start believing the best about
people until proven otherwise, and I still feel most people went into
medicine because they like helping others (there are many better fields
out there if you are only interested in the money).
   If you have elevated IOP and a very damaged nerve and are not 90
years old, then yes, most glaucoma specialists will recommend surgery
of one type or another once you've exhausted all of the available
medications out there.  It is absolutely your choice whether to proceed
with surgery.  It is likely but not absolutely assured that you will
very slowly lose further axons in your optic nerve, gradually have
progressive visual filed loss, and eventually lose some central vision.
Obviously there are other factors here...your age and life expectancy,
other risk factors including race, family history, circulatory status,
diabetes, myopia, central corneal thickness, etc.  I certainly hope you
don't lose vision as a result of your decision, but if you do, you will
know that it was your decision to make.  I can assure you that the
glaucoma specialists in Manhattan will not lose any sleep over your
decision...the worst they can do is scratch their heads.
--Rick Cohn, MD
Glaucoma Specialist
Winter Park, FL
frasercrane - 22 Aug 2005 04:20 GMT
> I DID address your comment about the "900 untreated patients" who did
> not show progression...I said, and I'll mention again, that glaucoma is
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
> field are eagerly awaiting the next 5 years of data which should be out
> over the next year or two.

Again, I say I'm not thoroughly familiar with scientific studies or
protocols, but from what I think I know, you seemed to have made an
unfounded leap.  The thrust of your comment is that "many more of the
90% who did not...are likely to progress over the next 20."  Correct me
if I'm wrong, but this seems to be conjecture and the very hypothesis
the study sets out to prove or disprove.  In the 5 years of the study,
no such conclusion would have been warranted--based on the study alone.
 Another conclusion could've been drawn from the study--that no
treatment is as good as some treatment for 9 of 10 ocular hypertensives.
 However, you fall back on the next 5 years, and the next 5 and the
next 5.  Suppose, the next 5 years of data (due in a couple of years)
confirms the last conclusion?  Would the glaucoma specialists then argue
that the best study is 20-30 years (which undoubtedly would be) and
merely mnimize the results already obtained?  In the field of philosophy
of science, this approach is seen as the theory that is incapable of
being disproved by virtue of additional and new conditions that
rationalize any anomaly into nonexistence.

>     Sorry if I offended you.  

Very difficult to offend me...and I apologize again for the slam against
the medical profession as a whole.

 I can assure you that the
> glaucoma specialists in Manhattan will not lose any sleep over your
> decision...the worst they can do is scratch their heads.

Oh, I'm quite aware the specialists I've seen have not lost any sleep.
What does bother me in an academic (and not personal) sense is that only
my last specialist whom I saw specifically for refills bothered to
scratch her head, and then I'm slightly peeved that she had to scratch
her head.

By way of analogy... maybe three decades ago, if a poster (also assuming
this NG existed then) told some of the posters here that sticking a
needle in some part of the body would have a curative effect, that
poster would've been derided off the group.  Acupuncture is now widely
accepted.  It was simply not understood or denied (in the psychological
sense) by some with tunnel vision or blinders, or by those who had a
stake in other modalities, or mainstream medicine.

Likewise, I maintain there are some who do not understand the big
picture in glaucoma.  Going blind in one eye or both is for sure a bad
thing.  But one is still alive and otherwise healthy.  Moreover, it
would be even a sadder thing to go blind in a one or both eyes because
of pressure relieving surgery that somehow goes wrong.  But that aside,
what may be inconveniences for some as to the post-op residuals and
followup, may be enough when added to the other risks (however small
they may be) to have others accept the risk of going blind by remaining
untreated surgically.   This is subjective--not objective as the doctors
 say when they argue the benefits (benefits are subjective) outweigh
the risks.  That is why an MD may scratch her head, but it is
unfortunate that that MD can not understand the patient's perspective.

I too think this study would have significant repercussions if the
outcome (the next 5 year set of data) is as it has been, and the medical
(glaucoma) community does not undermine it and instead tries to find out
if ocular pressure and treatment thereof isn't being assigned too much
weight.
Mike Murray - 22 Aug 2005 07:21 GMT
>The thrust of your comment is that "many more of the
>90% who did not...are likely to progress over the next 20."  Correct me
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
>  Another conclusion could've been drawn from the study--that no
>treatment is as good as some treatment for 9 of 10 ocular hypertensives.

Was any *trend* exhibited in those first five years?  In other words,
if you made your comments after, say, the first three years, would you
have said "no treatment is as good as some treatment for 95 out of
100" ?  
frasercrane - 22 Aug 2005 22:30 GMT
>>The thrust of your comment is that "many more of the
>>90% who did not...are likely to progress over the next 20."  Correct me
[quoted text clipped - 8 lines]
> have said "no treatment is as good as some treatment for 95 out of
> 100" ?  

I didn't read the study and even if I did, I probably wouldn't grasp the
full import of it.  That said, IMHO if the study reflects the "trend"
you propose and it is statistically significant, my guess is the study
proponents would have announced that trend along with any other
conclusions after 5 years--along with a proviso that another 5 years of
data renders the study more trustworthy and reliable (and so on, every 5
years thereafter).

Certainly, a trend from 95 after 3 years (if I'm understanding your
query) to 90 after 5 years is something to consider, and would make me
rethink my original inquiry, but that is for the study researchers to
evaluate.  Moreover, even with a trend hypothesized for years 3 to 5,
there is no evidence for or against the possibility that the treated
patients won't "plateau" in a sense.  That is, after 5 + X years, if it
hasn't progressed, the likelihood of it progressing is less and
less...not necessarily more and more--from the study alone.  Or yet
another grim possibility that treatment will not retard progression
after 5 + x years. that after 10 years the number of untreated
progressing patients is 200 and the number of treated progressing
patients is also 200.  Let's wait and see.
Tom - 06 Sep 2005 03:58 GMT
> > OK, let's correct a few things here.  First of all, the OHTS study was
> > not done on patients with NTG.  The patients in the study did NOT have
[quoted text clipped - 184 lines]
> that no treatment is nearly as effective as treatment would harm the
> medical fisc, not to mention egos.

I have gone to see three doctors regarding my
condition.  I have no complaints against any of them.
I think they were all trying to help me.

One good thing about glaucoma according to my
understanding is that there is no major rush to
treatment.  It is not like cancer where there is serious pressure to make a
timely decision.  I suggest that you find a doctor that you are comfortable
with before doing anything.

My complaint is not with the doctors but with research.  I don't know of any
well funded research
into anything that isn't making money for the drug
companies.  There is no research on vitamin C as
far as I can tell.  So of course with no research
there is no evidence that vitamin C is a valid treatment.
I am sure that all glaucoma patients would like
research on vitamin C.  A ton of money is going into
researching the drugs to treat glaucoma but here
there is a profit to be made.  I have read some
old studies on the internet suggesting that vitamin
C is effective.  Will someone please post here
some research regarding the effectiveness of Vitamin
C and glaucoma????????

When I first started doing my own research on
treating glaucoma, it struck me that the so called
facts regarding marijuana were completely fallacious.
It seems pretty clear to me anyway that marijuana
could be used as an eyedrop and would probably
be safer than all the other treatments.  I dont know
what the psychotropic effects would be of putting
marijuana in your eyes, but I would like to know.
But I guess marijuana is a lost cause here for
political reasons.  There sure as hell arent any
medical reasons against it as there is no research.

Finally, I share your worry regarding the effectiveness
of treatment.  I am taking medications for glaucoma,
and I am not convinced in my own mind that I am
doing myself any good.  I really wish I was more
informed.

Will someone please post some medical studies so
we can have a scientific discussion of them in this
newsgroup?
Tom - 30 Aug 2005 04:59 GMT
I need to throw my two cents in here as this thread
is very very very important.

First of all are there any double blind well funded
scientific studies out there comparing vitamin C
eyedrops to a placebo?  If there is not then why
not?  It is my understanding that a small fortune is
being spent on these studies, and I am quite sure that
everyone that reads this newsgroup would be
very interested in such a study.  Except perhaps
the large shareholders of the drug companies.

Second, if the study in question here is called,

Comparison of Glaucomatous
Progression Between Untreated Patients With
Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Patients With
Therapeutically Reduced Intraocular Pressures

________________________________
Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group*

I have read this study and it is not double blind.

I am troubled with the way this study determines
that a eye condition has worsened.  It seems to me
that a physician would be more concerned with
progression of illness in a untreated patient than
treated patient.  The thinking being that the untreated
patient is more at risk.

Lastly, I give up on marijuana, but all glaucoma
patients should be completely teed off that nothing
is done here.
Tom - 30 Aug 2005 05:00 GMT
Also can someone please post a link to these studies
so we can all read them?
 
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