Medical Forum / Diseases and Disorders / Diabetes / February 2007
Diazoxide prevents diabetes through inhibiting pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis
|
|
Thread rating:  |
GysdeJongh - 19 Feb 2007 14:22 GMT Seen this ?
Increased suicide of beta cells , the cells that produce insulin , plays an important role in the devellopment of diabetes.Diazoxide is a substance that prevents it.
Diazoxide is used parentally to treat hypertensive emergencies. Also used to treat hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma.Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions. This switches off voltage-gated calcium ion channels which inhibits the generation of an action potential.
http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00914.txt
Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):81-91. Epub 2006 Oct 19.
Diazoxide prevents diabetes through inhibiting pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis via Bcl-2/Bax rate and p38-beta mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Increased apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells plays an important role in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes. We examined the effect of diazoxide on pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and its potential mechanism in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an established animal model of human type 2 diabetes, at the prediabetic and diabetic stages. We found a significant increase with age in the frequency of apoptosis, the sequential enlargement of islets, and the proliferation of the connective tissue surrounding islets, accompanied with defective insulin secretory capacity and increased blood glucose in untreated OLETF rats. In contrast, diazoxide treatment (25 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), administered ip) inhibited beta-cell apoptosis, ameliorated changes of islet morphology and insulin secretory function, and increased insulin stores significantly in islet beta-cells whether diazoxide was used at the prediabetic or diabetic stage. Linear regression showed the close correlation between the frequency of apoptosis and hyperglycemia (r = 0.913; P < 0.0001). Further study demonstrated that diazoxide up-regulated Bcl-2 expression and p38beta MAPK, which expressed at very low levels due to the high glucose, but not c-jun N-terminal kinase and ERK. Hence, diazoxide may play a critical role in protection from apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrate that diazoxide prevents the onset and development of diabetes in OLETF rats by inhibiting beta-cell apoptosis via increasing p38beta MAPK, elevating Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and ameliorating insulin secretory capacity and action
PMID: 17053028
Here is another but now for humans
Diabet Med. 2007 Feb;24(2):172-7
Twelve weeks' treatment with diazoxide without insulin supplementation in Type 2 diabetes is feasible but does not improve insulin secretion.
Aims Treatment with K-ATP channel openers, such as diazoxide, can have beneficial effects on insulin secretion in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. However, the precise conditions for obtaining beneficial effects without untoward events have not been determined. We tested the hypothesis that intermittent administration of diazoxide at bedtime for 12 weeks could produce beneficial effects in the absence of side-effects in Type 2 diabetic patients who were not taking insulin. Methods After an 8-week run-in period, during which treatment with repaglinide and metformin was optimized, we randomized 26 patients to either diazoxide, 100 mg at bedtime, or placebo. Results Side-effects were absent or minimal. HbA(1c) did not change. However day-time glucose concentrations by home glucose monitoring were approximately 1.5 mmol/l higher with diazoxide vs. placebo. Stimulation tests (C-peptide-glucagon and breakfast) did not indicate improved pancreatic B-cell function, except by posthoc analysis, in a subgroup of younger age. Conclusion Compared with previous results with diazoxide together with bedtime insulin, the present results are less favourable and indicate that concomitant insulin treatment is needed during intervention with K-ATP channel openers. Diabet. Med. (2007).
PMID: 17257280
hth
Gys
Alan S - 19 Feb 2007 20:55 GMT >Seen this ? > >Increased suicide of beta cells , the cells that produce insulin , plays an >important role in the devellopment of diabetes.Diazoxide is a substance that >prevents it. <snip>
>Aims Treatment with K-ATP channel openers, such as diazoxide, can have >beneficial effects on insulin secretion in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. >However, the precise conditions for obtaining beneficial effects without >untoward events have not been determined. <snip>
>Conclusion Compared with previous results with diazoxide >together with bedtime insulin, the present results are less favourable and >indicate that concomitant insulin treatment is needed during intervention >with K-ATP channel openers. Diabet. Med. (2007). Some promise - but it seems there is still a long way to go to come up with an effective human treatment regimen.
Cheers, Alan, T2, Australia. d&e, metformin 1000mg, ezetrol 10mg Everything in Moderation - Except Laughter. -- http://loraldiabetes.blogspot.com/ http://loraltravel.blogspot.com/ latest: Epidaurus
GysdeJongh - 20 Feb 2007 02:44 GMT >>Seen this ?
> <snip>
> Some promise - but it seems there is still a long way to go > to come up with an effective human treatment regimen. Hi Alan, yes , I think so too. But it is a new way of thinking about the problem. Think about the possibilities if it works The mean time for progression from IGT to full blown diabetes Type II is only a couple of years ,41.4 months ,depending on the definition of IGT of course .Caused by dying beta cells.....Here is an article I found :
Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):228-33.
Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to estimate the rate of progression from newly acquired (incident) impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to diabetes under the old and new IFG criteria and to identify predictors of progression to diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified 5,452 members of an HMO with no prior history of diabetes, with at least two elevated fasting glucose tests (100-125 mg/dl) measured between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2003, and with a normal fasting glucose test before the two elevated tests. All data were obtained from electronic records of routine clinical care. Subjects were followed until they developed diabetes, died, left the health plan, or until 31 December 2005. RESULTS: Overall, 8.1% of subjects whose initial abnormal fasting glucose was 100-109 mg/dl (added IFG subjects) and 24.3% of subjects whose initial abnormal fasting glucose was 110-125 mg/dl (original IFG subjects) developed diabetes (P < 0.0001). Added IFG subjects who progressed to diabetes did so within a mean of 41.4 months, a rate of 1.34% per year. Original IFG subjects converted at a rate of 5.56% per year after an average of 29.0 months. A steeper rate of increasing fasting glucose; higher BMI, blood pressure, and triglycerides; and lower HDL cholesterol predicted diabetes development. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these are the first estimates of diabetes incidence from a clinical care setting when the date of IFG onset is approximately known under the new criterion for IFG. The older criterion was more predictive of diabetes development. Many newly identified IFG patients progress to diabetes in <3 years, which is the currently recommended screening interval.
PMID: 17259486
Gys
Alan S - 20 Feb 2007 04:53 GMT >>>Seen this ? > [quoted text clipped - 40 lines] > >PMID: 17259486 Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more studies in areas like this. For example, on progression timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders about the lack of funding if there isn't a commercial/medication possibility in the results. Cheers, Alan, T2, Australia. d&e, metformin 1000mg, ezetrol 10mg Everything in Moderation - Except Laughter. -- http://loraldiabetes.blogspot.com/ http://loraltravel.blogspot.com/ latest: Epidaurus
GysdeJongh - 20 Feb 2007 12:54 GMT >>>>Seen this ? >> >>> <snip>
> Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more > studies in areas like this. For example, on progression > timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods > of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders > about the lack of funding if there isn't a > commercial/medication possibility in the results. Hi Alan,
well.....
There is more actually if you want to accept a some what indirect line of evidence .There is becoming ever more literature which proves that the progression of Diabetes Type II is highly dependent on
1) the bloodglucose itself
2) but also on the HbA1c
3) also on the fasting bloodglucose
4) most stongly on the post prandial bloodglucose
There is evidence that the progression of diabetes Type II depends on the level of anti oxidants in fruits ,wine ,nuts ; or healthy diets.There is now a theory which connects all the steps from high bloodglucose to protein glycation to Diabetes Type II
Conclusion : the best thing for preventing progression of diabetes type II is controlling your bloodglucose.
Roger clearly found one way of doing that 25 years !!!!!!!! :
Re: The Diabetes Conundrum: What Physicians are Teaching You may be Killing You (Mercola)
::::: Nice to see you posting Roger. How have you been?
::::: Wendy
::: Thanks Wendy. I'm just fine and dandy. Even managing to ride my
::: bikes in this deep freeze we're in currently. Can't wait for
::: spring, though.
:: We've been talking your name in vain a lot recently, Roger - there's
:: been an outbreak of newbies wanting to know whether it's possible to
:: stave off complications for a significant amount of time. Where are
:: you at now - 20+ years or so? Let's see: 48-23=25!
No complications and living LC. No meds & plenty of exercise.
I guess it will be 26 years in a couple of months or so....roughly, anyhow.
IMO, complications can definitely be put off, if you get things under
control in time, that is, and if you keep them under control.
And I personally think he is right . Here is a recent article where it was found that the post prandial bloodglucose is an important parameter , or "eat to your meter" :) But don't forget to keep an eye on other things on your diet.....Please notice the words "acute" in "acute hyperglycemia" and "oral glucose loading" of course.It means that the beta cells die also from a high bloodglucose during a short period after eating things !!!! And not only from a prolonged too high bloodglucose !!!!
Diabet Med. 2007 Feb;24(2):154-60.
Pancreatic B-cell function is altered by oxidative stress induced by acute hyperglycaemia.
Aims Type 2 diabetes is preceded by a symptom-free period of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Pancreatic B-cell function decreases as glucose intolerance develops. In many patients with IGT, fasting blood glucose is within normal limits and hyperglycaemia occurs only postprandially. We examined whether pancreatic B-cell function changes during acute hyperglycaemia induced by oral glucose loading. Methods We calculated the insulinogenic index (I.I.) as an indicator of pancreatic B-cell function and measured serum levels of thioredoxin, a marker of cellular redox state, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 45 subjects [24 patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 14 with IGT and seven with Type 2 diabetes]. Results Thioredoxin levels decreased after glucose loading [66.1 +/- 23.7, *59.3 +/- 22.4, *49.3 +/- 21.2 and *37.7 +/- 18.0 ng/ml, fasting (0 min) and at 30, 60 and 120 min, respectively; *P < 0.001 vs. fasting]. In contrast, concentrations of 8-OHdG peaked at 30 min and then gradually decreased (0.402 +/- 0.123, *0.440 +/- 0.120, dagger0.362 +/- 0.119 and dagger0.355 +/- 0.131 ng/ml, *P < 0.05 vs. fasting, daggerP < 0.01 vs. 30 min). The insulinogenic index correlated with the change in thioredoxin levels (r = 0.34, P < 0.05). However, there was no relationship with the change in 8-OHdG levels from 0 to 30 min. Conclusions Hyperglycaemia in response to oral glucose impairs pancreatic B-cell function with decreasing thioredoxin levels. The augmented oxidative stress induced by hyperglycaemia may affect the cellular redox state. These findings strongly suggest that repeated postprandial hyperglycaemia may play an important role in the development and progression of diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 24, 154 -160 (2007).
PMID: 17257277
Here is another one on the progression process :
Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):263-9.
The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of fasting with worsening diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether the loss of fasting and postprandial glycemic control occurs in parallel or sequentially in the evolution of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 130 type 2 diabetic patients, 24-h glucose profiles were obtained using a continuous glucose monitoring system. The individuals with type 2 diabetes were divided into five groups according to A1C levels: 1 (<6.5%, n = 30), 2 (6.5-6.9%, n = 17), 3 (7-7.9%, n = 32), 4 (8-8.9%, n = 25), and 5 (>/=9%, n = 26). The glucose profiles between the groups were compared. The overall glucose concentrations for the diurnal, nocturnal, and morning periods, which represent the postprandial, fasting, and the dawn phenomenon states, respectively, were also compared. RESULTS: Glucose concentrations increased steadily from group 1 to 5 in a stepwise manner. The initial differences in mean glucose concentrations reaching statistical significance occurred 1) between groups 1 and 2 (6.4 vs. 7.7 mmol/l, P = 0.0004) for daytime postprandial periods, followed by differences; 2) between groups 2 and 3 (7.5 vs. 9.3 mmol/l, P = 0.0003) for the morning periods (dawn phenomenon); and finally 3) between groups 3 and 4 (6.3 vs. 8.4 mmol/l, P < 0.0001) for nocturnal fasting periods. CONCLUSIONS: The deterioration of glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes progressed from postprandial to fasting hyperglycemia following a three-step process. The first step related to the three diurnal postmeal periods considered as a whole, the second step occurred during the morning period, and the third and final step corresponded to sustained hyperglycemia over the nocturnal fasting periods. Such a description of the key stages in the evolution of type 2 diabetes may be of interest for implementing antidiabetes treatment.
PMID: 17259492
Gys
Chris Malcolm - 20 Feb 2007 15:18 GMT >>>>>Seen this ? >>> >>>> <snip>
>> Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more >> studies in areas like this. For example, on progression >> timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods >> of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders >> about the lack of funding if there isn't a >> commercial/medication possibility in the results.
> Hi Alan,
> well.....
> There is more actually if you want to accept a some what indirect line of > evidence .There is becoming ever more literature which proves that the > progression of Diabetes Type II is highly dependent on
> 1) the bloodglucose itself
> 2) but also on the HbA1c
> 3) also on the fasting bloodglucose
> 4) most stongly on the post prandial bloodglucose Indeed. There's a not uncommon kind of T2 who progresses by first developing insulin resistance, which gradually increases until the insulin requirements of the diet exceed the capacity of the beta cells, then the pp BGs start to rise (along with concomitant high insulin) which starts killing off the beta cells due to glycation damage. This is when the vicious cycle of beta cell destruction begins, because as insulin production capacity declines, pp BGs keep rising, and more beta cells die.
Often by this stage the sufferer is still below diabetic diagnostic thresholds, but starting to develop typical diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and heart problems.
This kind of T2 progression continues to develop worsening pp BG spikes while still having good fbg numbers and a good A1C. If this kind of developing T2 is very lucky they'll be picked up and diagnosed by an OGTT. If they're unlucky they have to wait until they've lost even more beta cells, until the fbg rises to a diagnostic level or the A1C gets bad enough to make a doctor suspicious enough to do more comprehensive testing.
Once diagnosed, if the T2 hasn't already lost too many beta cells, they may be able to halt the progressive beta cell loss by diet and exercise. If diet & exercise can't halt the progression it will develop to the point where drugs are necessary.
The important point is that the simple fact this this kind of T2 progression is not uncommon should make us strongly suspect that pp BG spikes of lower than diabetic diagnosis levels are damaging enough to cause progressive T2 deterioration on their own, even if the A1C is "normal" and the spikes very brief. Why? Because that's the simplest and most elegant hypothesis which explains why this kind of T2 has this typical kind of history.
> There is evidence that the progression of diabetes Type II depends on the > level of anti oxidants in fruits ,wine ,nuts ; or healthy diets. Which should also be suspected on the basis of the existence of the above kind of T2 natural history, because they protect against glycation damage, and it's glycation damage which is killing the beta cells.
> There is now > a theory which connects all the steps from high bloodglucose to protein > glycation to Diabetes Type II
> Conclusion : the best thing for preventing progression of diabetes type II > is controlling your bloodglucose. And once you've got the A1C low by reducing general high levels, it is very important to turn your attention to the brief high pp BG spikes which remain and reduce them.
> Roger clearly found one way of doing that 25 years !!!!!!!! : A very good example of looking beyond the immediately obvious research results of the time, thinking in terms of general principles, making an educated guess, and last but not least, getting it right :-)
But if it's as obvious and natural to form these suspicions as I'm suggesting, how come that the medical profession in general didn't do so (of course there were exceptions), and it's taking the kind of studies GysdeJongh cited to push their reluctant noses around to face the smell of the coffee? Because you will only notice this if you are interested in BG levels and BG spikes which are well below those currently considered as important in diabetes diagnosis and treatment, and most doctors have simply dismissed those BGs as being ok for a diabetic, or "not yet" diagnostic, or even, more politically than scientifically, as "normal".
It also hasn't helped that until recently T1 diabetes formed the general diabetic paradigm, because for reasons mentioned recently in another thread, T1s can tolerate higher BGs without damage than this kind of T2 can.
Last but not least, if you take the kind of tight spike control suggested by all this seriously, for medical politics there are some slightly embarrassing implications for diabetes diagnostic thresholds, BG control targets, and T2 diet. So there will continue to be resistance to these ideas at the national level of medical politics.
I think it's time I cycled off to the shops to buy some more brain stimulating roasted beans from high polyphenol-stimulating altitudes
:-)
 Signature Chris Malcolm cam@infirmatics.ed.ac.uk DoD #205 IPAB, Informatics, JCMB, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK [http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/]
|
|
|