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Medical Forum / Diseases and Disorders / Diabetes / February 2007

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Diazoxide prevents diabetes through inhibiting pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis

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GysdeJongh - 19 Feb 2007 14:22 GMT
Seen this ?

Increased suicide of beta cells , the cells that produce insulin , plays an
important role in the devellopment of diabetes.Diazoxide is a substance that
prevents it.

Diazoxide is used parentally to treat hypertensive emergencies. Also used to
treat hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma.Diazoxide is a potassium channel
activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing
membrane permeability to potassium ions. This switches off voltage-gated
calcium ion channels which inhibits the generation of an action potential.

http://redpoll.pharmacy.ualberta.ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=APRD00914.txt

Endocrinology. 2007 Jan;148(1):81-91. Epub 2006 Oct 19.

Diazoxide prevents diabetes through inhibiting pancreatic beta-cells from
apoptosis via Bcl-2/Bax rate and p38-beta mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Increased apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells plays an important role in the
occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes. We examined the effect of
diazoxide on pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and its potential mechanism in
Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an established animal model
of human type 2 diabetes, at the prediabetic and diabetic stages. We found a
significant increase with age in the frequency of apoptosis, the sequential
enlargement of islets, and the proliferation of the connective tissue
surrounding islets, accompanied with defective insulin secretory capacity
and increased blood glucose in untreated OLETF rats. In contrast, diazoxide
treatment (25 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), administered ip) inhibited beta-cell
apoptosis, ameliorated changes of islet morphology and insulin secretory
function, and increased insulin stores significantly in islet beta-cells
whether diazoxide was used at the prediabetic or diabetic stage. Linear
regression showed the close correlation between the frequency of apoptosis
and hyperglycemia (r = 0.913; P < 0.0001). Further study demonstrated that
diazoxide up-regulated Bcl-2 expression and p38beta MAPK, which expressed at
very low levels due to the high glucose, but not c-jun N-terminal kinase and
ERK. Hence, diazoxide may play a critical role in protection from apoptosis.
In this study, we demonstrate that diazoxide prevents the onset and
development of diabetes in OLETF rats by inhibiting beta-cell apoptosis via
increasing p38beta MAPK, elevating Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and ameliorating insulin
secretory capacity and action

PMID: 17053028

Here is another but now for humans

Diabet Med. 2007 Feb;24(2):172-7

Twelve weeks' treatment with diazoxide without insulin supplementation in
Type 2 diabetes is feasible but does not improve insulin secretion.

Aims Treatment with K-ATP channel openers, such as diazoxide, can have
beneficial effects on insulin secretion in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
However, the precise conditions for obtaining beneficial effects without
untoward events have not been determined. We tested the hypothesis that
intermittent administration of diazoxide at bedtime for 12 weeks could
produce beneficial effects in the absence of side-effects in Type 2 diabetic
patients who were not taking insulin. Methods After an 8-week run-in period,
during which treatment with repaglinide and metformin was optimized, we
randomized 26 patients to either diazoxide, 100 mg at bedtime, or placebo.
Results Side-effects were absent or minimal. HbA(1c) did not change. However
day-time glucose concentrations by home glucose monitoring were
approximately 1.5 mmol/l higher with diazoxide vs. placebo. Stimulation
tests (C-peptide-glucagon and breakfast) did not indicate improved
pancreatic B-cell function, except by posthoc analysis, in a subgroup of
younger age. Conclusion Compared with previous results with diazoxide
together with bedtime insulin, the present results are less favourable and
indicate that concomitant insulin treatment is needed during intervention
with K-ATP channel openers. Diabet. Med. (2007).

PMID: 17257280

hth

Gys
Alan S - 19 Feb 2007 20:55 GMT
>Seen this ?
>
>Increased suicide of beta cells , the cells that produce insulin , plays an
>important role in the devellopment of diabetes.Diazoxide is a substance that
>prevents it.
<snip>

>Aims Treatment with K-ATP channel openers, such as diazoxide, can have
>beneficial effects on insulin secretion in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
>However, the precise conditions for obtaining beneficial effects without
>untoward events have not been determined.

<snip>

>Conclusion Compared with previous results with diazoxide
>together with bedtime insulin, the present results are less favourable and
>indicate that concomitant insulin treatment is needed during intervention
>with K-ATP channel openers. Diabet. Med. (2007).

Some promise - but it seems there is still a long way to go
to come up with an effective human treatment regimen.

Cheers, Alan, T2, Australia.
d&e, metformin 1000mg, ezetrol 10mg
Everything in Moderation - Except Laughter.
--
http://loraldiabetes.blogspot.com/
http://loraltravel.blogspot.com/
latest: Epidaurus
GysdeJongh - 20 Feb 2007 02:44 GMT
>>Seen this ?

> <snip>

> Some promise - but it seems there is still a long way to go
> to come up with an effective human treatment regimen.

Hi Alan,
yes , I think so too.
But it is a new way of thinking about the problem.
Think about the possibilities if it works
The mean time for progression from IGT to full blown diabetes Type II is
only a couple of years ,41.4 months ,depending on the definition of IGT of
course .Caused by dying  beta cells.....Here is an article I found :

Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):228-33.

Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to estimate the rate of progression from newly acquired
(incident) impaired fasting glucose (IFG) to diabetes under the old and new
IFG criteria and to identify predictors of progression to diabetes. RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified 5,452 members of an HMO with no prior
history of diabetes, with at least two elevated fasting glucose tests
(100-125 mg/dl) measured between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2003, and
with a normal fasting glucose test before the two elevated tests. All data
were obtained from electronic records of routine clinical care. Subjects
were followed until they developed diabetes, died, left the health plan, or
until 31 December 2005. RESULTS: Overall, 8.1% of subjects whose initial
abnormal fasting glucose was 100-109 mg/dl (added IFG subjects) and 24.3% of
subjects whose initial abnormal fasting glucose was 110-125 mg/dl (original
IFG subjects) developed diabetes (P < 0.0001). Added IFG subjects who
progressed to diabetes did so within a mean of 41.4 months, a rate of 1.34%
per year. Original IFG subjects converted at a rate of 5.56% per year after
an average of 29.0 months. A steeper rate of increasing fasting glucose;
higher BMI, blood pressure, and triglycerides; and lower HDL cholesterol
predicted diabetes development. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, these are the
first estimates of diabetes incidence from a clinical care setting when the
date of IFG onset is approximately known under the new criterion for IFG.
The older criterion was more predictive of diabetes development. Many newly
identified IFG patients progress to diabetes in <3 years, which is the
currently recommended screening interval.

PMID: 17259486

Gys
Alan S - 20 Feb 2007 04:53 GMT
>>>Seen this ?
>
[quoted text clipped - 40 lines]
>
>PMID: 17259486

Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more
studies in areas like this. For example, on progression
timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods
of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders
about the lack of funding if there isn't a
commercial/medication possibility in the results.
Cheers, Alan, T2, Australia.
d&e, metformin 1000mg, ezetrol 10mg
Everything in Moderation - Except Laughter.
--
http://loraldiabetes.blogspot.com/
http://loraltravel.blogspot.com/
latest: Epidaurus
GysdeJongh - 20 Feb 2007 12:54 GMT
>>>>Seen this ?
>>
>>> <snip>

> Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more
> studies in areas like this. For example, on progression
> timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods
> of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders
> about the lack of funding if there isn't a
> commercial/medication possibility in the results.

Hi Alan,

well.....

There is more actually if you want to accept a some what indirect line of
evidence .There is becoming ever more literature which proves that the
progression of Diabetes Type II is highly dependent on

1) the bloodglucose itself

2) but also on the HbA1c

3) also on the fasting bloodglucose

4) most stongly on the post prandial bloodglucose

There is evidence that the progression of diabetes Type II depends on the
level of anti oxidants in fruits ,wine ,nuts ; or healthy diets.There is now
a theory which connects all the steps from high bloodglucose to protein
glycation to Diabetes Type II

Conclusion : the best thing for preventing progression of diabetes type II
is controlling your bloodglucose.

Roger clearly found one way of doing that 25 years !!!!!!!! :

Re: The Diabetes Conundrum: What Physicians are Teaching You may be Killing
You (Mercola)

::::: Nice to see you posting Roger.  How have you been?

::::: Wendy

::: Thanks Wendy.  I'm just fine and dandy. Even managing to ride my

::: bikes in this deep freeze we're in currently.  Can't wait for

::: spring, though.

:: We've been talking your name in vain a lot recently, Roger - there's

:: been an outbreak of newbies wanting to know whether it's possible to

:: stave off complications for a significant amount of time. Where are

:: you at now - 20+ years or so?

Let's see: 48-23=25!

No complications and living LC.  No meds & plenty of exercise.

I guess it will be 26 years in a couple of months or so....roughly, anyhow.

IMO, complications can definitely be put off, if you get things under

control in time, that is, and if you keep them under control.

And I personally think he is right . Here is a recent  article where it was
found that the post prandial bloodglucose is an important parameter , or
"eat to your meter"  :)   But don't forget to keep an eye on other things on
your diet.....Please notice the words "acute" in "acute hyperglycemia" and
"oral glucose loading" of course.It means that the beta cells die also from
a high bloodglucose during a short period after eating things !!!! And not
only from a prolonged too high bloodglucose !!!!

Diabet Med. 2007 Feb;24(2):154-60.

Pancreatic B-cell function is altered by oxidative stress induced by acute
hyperglycaemia.

Aims Type 2 diabetes is preceded by a symptom-free period of impaired
glucose tolerance (IGT). Pancreatic B-cell function decreases as glucose
intolerance develops. In many patients with IGT, fasting blood glucose is
within normal limits and hyperglycaemia occurs only postprandially. We
examined whether pancreatic B-cell function changes during acute
hyperglycaemia induced by oral glucose loading. Methods We calculated the
insulinogenic index (I.I.) as an indicator of pancreatic B-cell function and
measured serum levels of thioredoxin, a marker of cellular redox state, and
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, during a
75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 45 subjects [24 patients with
normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 14 with IGT and seven with Type 2 diabetes].
Results Thioredoxin levels decreased after glucose loading [66.1 +/- 23.7,
*59.3 +/- 22.4, *49.3 +/- 21.2 and *37.7 +/- 18.0 ng/ml, fasting (0 min) and
at 30, 60 and 120 min, respectively; *P < 0.001 vs. fasting]. In contrast,
concentrations of 8-OHdG peaked at 30 min and then gradually decreased
(0.402 +/- 0.123, *0.440 +/- 0.120, dagger0.362 +/- 0.119 and dagger0.355
+/- 0.131 ng/ml, *P < 0.05 vs. fasting, daggerP < 0.01 vs. 30 min). The
insulinogenic index correlated with the change in thioredoxin levels (r =
0.34, P < 0.05). However, there was no relationship with the change in
8-OHdG levels from 0 to 30 min. Conclusions Hyperglycaemia in response to
oral glucose impairs pancreatic B-cell function with decreasing thioredoxin
levels. The augmented oxidative stress induced by hyperglycaemia may affect
the cellular redox state. These findings strongly suggest that repeated
postprandial hyperglycaemia may play an important role in the development
and progression of diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 24, 154 -160 (2007).

PMID: 17257277

Here is another one on the progression process :

Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):263-9.

The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of
fasting with worsening diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether the loss of fasting
and postprandial glycemic control occurs in parallel or sequentially in the
evolution of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 130 type 2
diabetic patients, 24-h glucose profiles were obtained using a continuous
glucose monitoring system. The individuals with type 2 diabetes were divided
into five groups according to A1C levels: 1 (<6.5%, n = 30), 2 (6.5-6.9%, n
= 17), 3 (7-7.9%, n = 32), 4 (8-8.9%, n = 25), and 5 (>/=9%, n = 26). The
glucose profiles between the groups were compared. The overall glucose
concentrations for the diurnal, nocturnal, and morning periods, which
represent the postprandial, fasting, and the dawn phenomenon states,
respectively, were also compared. RESULTS: Glucose concentrations increased
steadily from group 1 to 5 in a stepwise manner. The initial differences in
mean glucose concentrations reaching statistical significance occurred 1)
between groups 1 and 2 (6.4 vs. 7.7 mmol/l, P = 0.0004) for daytime
postprandial periods, followed by differences; 2) between groups 2 and 3
(7.5 vs. 9.3 mmol/l, P = 0.0003) for the morning periods (dawn phenomenon);
and finally 3) between groups 3 and 4 (6.3 vs. 8.4 mmol/l, P < 0.0001) for
nocturnal fasting periods. CONCLUSIONS: The deterioration of glucose
homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes progressed from postprandial
to fasting hyperglycemia following a three-step process. The first step
related to the three diurnal postmeal periods considered as a whole, the
second step occurred during the morning period, and the third and final step
corresponded to sustained hyperglycemia over the nocturnal fasting periods.
Such a description of the key stages in the evolution of type 2 diabetes may
be of interest for implementing antidiabetes treatment.

PMID: 17259492

Gys
Chris Malcolm - 20 Feb 2007 15:18 GMT
>>>>>Seen this ?
>>>
>>>> <snip>

>> Thanks. 3 1/2 years. Not long. It's a pity there aren't more
>> studies in areas like this. For example, on progression
>> timing after full diabetes diagnosis with different methods
>> of care, management and treatment. The cynic in me wonders
>> about the lack of funding if there isn't a
>> commercial/medication possibility in the results.

> Hi Alan,

> well.....

> There is more actually if you want to accept a some what indirect line of
> evidence .There is becoming ever more literature which proves that the
> progression of Diabetes Type II is highly dependent on

> 1) the bloodglucose itself

> 2) but also on the HbA1c

> 3) also on the fasting bloodglucose

> 4) most stongly on the post prandial bloodglucose

Indeed. There's a not uncommon kind of T2 who progresses by first
developing insulin resistance, which gradually increases until the
insulin requirements of the diet exceed the capacity of the beta
cells, then the pp BGs start to rise (along with concomitant high
insulin) which starts killing off the beta cells due to glycation
damage. This is when the vicious cycle of beta cell destruction
begins, because as insulin production capacity declines, pp BGs keep
rising, and more beta cells die.

Often by this stage the sufferer is still below diabetic diagnostic
thresholds, but starting to develop typical diabetic complications,
such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and heart problems.

This kind of T2 progression continues to develop worsening pp BG
spikes while still having good fbg numbers and a good A1C. If this
kind of developing T2 is very lucky they'll be picked up and diagnosed
by an OGTT. If they're unlucky they have to wait until they've lost
even more beta cells, until the fbg rises to a diagnostic level or the
A1C gets bad enough to make a doctor suspicious enough to do more
comprehensive testing.

Once diagnosed, if the T2 hasn't already lost too many beta cells,
they may be able to halt the progressive beta cell loss by diet and
exercise. If diet & exercise can't halt the progression it will
develop to the point where drugs are necessary.

The important point is that the simple fact this this kind of T2
progression is not uncommon should make us strongly suspect that pp BG
spikes of lower than diabetic diagnosis levels are damaging enough to
cause progressive T2 deterioration on their own, even if the A1C is
"normal" and the spikes very brief. Why? Because that's the simplest and
most elegant hypothesis which explains why this kind of T2 has this
typical kind of history.

> There is evidence that the progression of diabetes Type II depends on the
> level of anti oxidants in fruits ,wine ,nuts ; or healthy diets.

Which should also be suspected on the basis of the existence of the
above kind of T2 natural history, because they protect against
glycation damage, and it's glycation damage which is killing the beta
cells.

> There is now
> a theory which connects all the steps from high bloodglucose to protein
> glycation to Diabetes Type II

> Conclusion : the best thing for preventing progression of diabetes type II
> is controlling your bloodglucose.

And once you've got the A1C low by reducing general high levels, it is
very important to turn your attention to the brief high pp BG spikes
which remain and reduce them.

> Roger clearly found one way of doing that 25 years !!!!!!!! :

A very good example of looking beyond the immediately obvious research
results of the time, thinking in terms of general principles, making
an educated guess, and last but not least, getting it right :-)

But if it's as obvious and natural to form these suspicions as I'm
suggesting, how come that the medical profession in general didn't do
so (of course there were exceptions), and it's taking the kind of
studies GysdeJongh cited to push their reluctant noses around to face
the smell of the coffee? Because you will only notice this if you are
interested in BG levels and BG spikes which are well below those
currently considered as important in diabetes diagnosis and treatment,
and most doctors have simply dismissed those BGs as being ok for a
diabetic, or "not yet" diagnostic, or even, more politically than
scientifically, as "normal".

It also hasn't helped that until recently T1 diabetes formed the
general diabetic paradigm, because for reasons mentioned recently in
another thread, T1s can tolerate higher BGs without damage than this
kind of T2 can.

Last but not least, if you take the kind of tight spike control
suggested by all this seriously, for medical politics there are some
slightly embarrassing implications for diabetes diagnostic thresholds,
BG control targets, and T2 diet. So there will continue to be
resistance to these ideas at the national level of medical politics.

I think it's time I cycled off to the shops to buy some more brain
stimulating roasted beans from high polyphenol-stimulating altitudes
:-)

Signature

Chris Malcolm        cam@infirmatics.ed.ac.uk              DoD #205
IPAB,  Informatics,  JCMB, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK
[http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/]

 
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