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Medical Forum / General / Dentistry / July 2005

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Effects of Lidocaine

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Gado - 11 Jul 2005 15:50 GMT
What are all the effects of a lidocain/epinephrine solution?
Other than causing site administered anesthesia I've read it can generate
vasodilation. Does this happen locally or is it wide spread? Does it do
anything else?
Mark & Steven Bornfeld - 11 Jul 2005 20:29 GMT
> What are all the effects of a lidocain/epinephrine solution?
> Other than causing site administered anesthesia I've read it can generate
> vasodilation. Does this happen locally or is it wide spread? Does it do
> anything else?

    There are a variety of effects.  Lidocaine and most other amide and
ester form anesthetics can cause vasodilatation.  As you might infer,
the addition of vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine is to counteract
this vasodilatation and enhance the depth and duration of anesthesia.
This is intended to be local, but conduction block anesthesia can
inadvertently deliver the solution intravascularly (usually to the
inferior alveolar artery) which can carry the anesthetic to the rest of
the body.  The total dose is small and is generally cleared quickly, but
cerebrovascular effects in the brain can cause light-headedness, sudden
drop in blood pressure, and syncope.
    In the past I have also heard of allergic reaction to one or more of
the components.  This was more common with the ester-based anesthetics
such as procaine, but I have also heard of reactions to preservatives
such as methyl or propyl paraben, and possibly to any sulfites used.

Steve

Signature

Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS
http://www.dentaltwins.com
Brooklyn, NY
718-258-5001

Gado - 11 Jul 2005 22:55 GMT
>> Gado wrote:
>>
[quoted text clipped - 26 lines]
> Brooklyn, NY
> 718-258-5001

* Thanks for the reply. Tell me does the vasodilation effect stay local
  or does it spread through out the body?
Mark & Steven Bornfeld - 12 Jul 2005 01:15 GMT
>>>Gado wrote:
>>>
[quoted text clipped - 29 lines]
> * Thanks for the reply. Tell me does the vasodilation effect stay local
>    or does it spread through out the body?

    I am not an expert here, but in the absence of intravascular injection
I think it is unlikely in the extreme to cause significant
vasodilatation in distant parts of the body.
    This does not mean that anesthetic agents cannot (at least
theoretically) act globally.  The example that comes to mind is that
lidocaine (surely the most widely used dental anesthetic) is also used
as a cardiac antiarrhythmic agent.  I am unfamiliar with dosage and
administration for this indication, but assume that it is given
intravenously.

Steve

Signature

Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS
http://www.dentaltwins.com
Brooklyn, NY
718-258-5001

teethdood - 12 Jul 2005 06:23 GMT
Once in a great while, you hear in the 10 o'clock news that some dentist
loaded up a child with too much local anesthetics which umm "severely
disabled" him...tragic...but that's an example of lidocaine affecting organs
globally. Don't be alarmed though when your dentist pulls out carps after
carps for your full mouth extraction :-)
me strong like bull

>>>>Gado wrote:
>>>>
[quoted text clipped - 43 lines]
>
> Steve
Mark & Steven Bornfeld - 12 Jul 2005 15:13 GMT
> Once in a great while, you hear in the 10 o'clock news that some dentist
> loaded up a child with too much local anesthetics which umm "severely
> disabled" him...tragic...but that's an example of lidocaine affecting organs
> globally. Don't be alarmed though when your dentist pulls out carps after
> carps for your full mouth extraction :-)
> me strong like bull

    I don't doubt that it's possible, but the only anesthesia deaths I
remember hearing of related to dentistry have been GA.

Steve

Signature

Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS
http://www.dentaltwins.com
Brooklyn, NY
718-258-5001

Bill - 13 Jul 2005 20:12 GMT
> > Once in a great while, you hear in the 10 o'clock news that some dentist
> > loaded up a child with too much local anesthetics which umm "severely
> > disabled" him...tragic...but that's an example of lidocaine affecting organs
> > globally. Don't be alarmed though when your dentist pulls out carps after
> > carps for your full mouth extraction :-)
> > me strong like bull

>     I don't doubt that it's possible, but the only anesthesia deaths I
> remember hearing of related to dentistry have been GA.
[quoted text clipped - 3 lines]
> --
> Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS

Here in California during the last ten or twenty years there were some
pediatric deaths attributed to an overdose of lidocaine. This was
publicized in the local dental press as well as the local newspapers.

As I recall, the problem was that the dentists were working in
large-volume, medicaid-style clinics and were pressured to finish ALL
dental treatment on the patient's first visit. The testimony in those
cases was that the clinic owners said "these people don't keep any
additional appointments" so the employee dentists were threatened with
job loss if they didn't follow the clinic orders.

So they would give multiple lidocaine cartridges in all four quadrants.
This may be fine for a 210-lb. linebacker patient, but for some 35-40
lb. child, it could be a dangerously high dose.

This was tragic and the dental board held that it was completely
avoidable. It's also ironic because lidocaine has a wider margin of
safety than the other local anesthetics. Some other anesthetics have a
3% or 4% concentration, and their lethal doses are reached more easily
with fewer cartridges administered.

Most local dentists who learned about those cases at the time remember
that local anesthetic has a toxicity that can be reached easily when
multiple cartridges are administered to a child, but it has been a
while since all that publicity simmered down.

- dentaldoc
Mark & Steven Bornfeld - 13 Jul 2005 20:54 GMT
> Here in California during the last ten or twenty years there were some
> pediatric deaths attributed to an overdose of lidocaine. This was
[quoted text clipped - 23 lines]
>
> - dentaldoc

    Thanks for the reply, Bill--I don't remember having heard this.

Steve

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Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS
http://www.dentaltwins.com
Brooklyn, NY
718-258-5001

Steven Fawks - 13 Jul 2005 21:52 GMT
Ken Reed makes mention of these happenings in his lectures on
local anesthetics.  4 cartridges for a child could be too much.

Fawks

>> So they would give multiple lidocaine cartridges in all four quadrants.
>> This may be fine for a 210-lb. linebacker patient, but for some 35-40
>> lb. child, it could be a dangerously high dose.
>>
>> - dentaldoc

>     Thanks for the reply, Bill--I don't remember having heard this.
>
> Steve
W_B - 12 Jul 2005 16:51 GMT
>>>>Gado wrote:
>>>>
>>>>What are all the effects of a lidocain/epinephrine solution?
>>>>Other than causing site administered anesthesia I've read it can generate
>>>>vasodilation. Does this happen locally or is it wide spread? Does it do
>>>>anything else?

>>>Mark & Steven Bornfeld wrote:
>>>
[quoted text clipped - 34 lines]
>
>Steve

>>>but conduction block anesthesia can inadvertently
>>>deliver the solution intravascularly (usually to the inferior alveolar
>>>artery)

Arterial injection is exceedingly rare.
More likely venous injection.
--

W_B
Take out the G'RBAGE
wubbabubbazG@RBAGEyahoo.com
michaelpeters - 13 Jul 2005 21:48 GMT
I would imagine venous injection is far more dangerous because it flows
straight into the right heart, whereas arterial injection flows to
anywhere in the body anatomy.
W_B - 13 Jul 2005 21:53 GMT
>I would imagine venous injection is far more dangerous because it flows
>straight into the right heart, whereas arterial injection flows to
>anywhere in the body anatomy.

Nope arteries are location specific, largely.
Difficult to penetrate arterial wall.
--

W_B
Take out the G'RBAGE
wubbabubbazG@RBAGEyahoo.com
Jacob - 12 Jul 2005 11:21 GMT
Keep in mind that lidocaine for dental use usually has a vasoconstrictor
[epinephrine] in solution with it.  It is critical that this solution ONLY
be used in the mouth.  If one were to use lidocaine to suture a laceration
in one's finger, for example, it is quite possible that tissue necrosis
could result due to the vasoconstrictive action of the epinephrine.  The
mouth has a very high blood supply, thus the vasoconstrictive property isn't
enough to hamper blood supply to the local tissue.  Other parts of one's
body may not have the high blood supply as the mouth does and if one injects
lidocaine it MUST be used without any vasoconstrictor.

> What are all the effects of a lidocain/epinephrine solution?
> Other than causing site administered anesthesia I've read it can generate
> vasodilation. Does this happen locally or is it wide spread? Does it do
> anything else?
Mark & Steven Bornfeld - 12 Jul 2005 15:15 GMT
> Keep in mind that lidocaine for dental use usually has a vasoconstrictor
> [epinephrine] in solution with it.  It is critical that this solution ONLY
[quoted text clipped - 5 lines]
> body may not have the high blood supply as the mouth does and if one injects
> lidocaine it MUST be used without any vasoconstrictor.

    Don't quote me on this, but I believe we occasionally used multidose
vials of anesthetics in the ER for suturing extraoral lacerations.  I
believe it was also used in the OR.  Remember that we're talking about a
very small dose of epinephrine.
    For sure I'm not a hand surgeon--but the vascularity of a finger is
pretty extensive as well.
    As for using these anesthetics "only in the mouth" one should remember
that as soon as the needle perforates the mucosa the tip is no longer in
the mouth--it may (for example) be in the pterygopalatine fossa.  This
is very important to remember--as (for example) in the need to aspirate
for injections.

Steve

>>What are all the effects of a lidocain/epinephrine solution?
>>Other than causing site administered anesthesia I've read it can generate
>>vasodilation. Does this happen locally or is it wide spread? Does it do
>>anything else?

Signature

Mark & Steven Bornfeld DDS
http://www.dentaltwins.com
Brooklyn, NY
718-258-5001

 
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