Probably not. Mercury is silver. I could see it.

Joel

**

Posted on Sun, Nov. 28, 2004




Drinking water holds surprises

By Dawn Fallik

Inquirer Staff Writer

Scientists are finding traces of drugs, herbicides and fragrances -
even birth-control hormones and weed killers - in the nation's
drinking water.

Where once experts thought the water-filtration process would
eliminate the chemicals, new studies, including surveys in
Philadelphia and New Jersey, have discovered otherwise. One water
industry investigation into 18 drinking-water plants nationwide found
the compounds in 14 of them.

"Initially it was a surprise," said Joseph Bella, executive director
for the Passaic Valley Water Commission, whose plant was the basis of
the New Jersey study. "We've completely changed the way we treat
water. And if that doesn't work, we'll find other technologies."

The amounts being found are infinitesimal - in parts per billion or
trillion. A part per billion can be thought of as one grain of salt in
a swimming pool, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says.

But studies on fish living in streams show that male and female fish
can develop the other sex's proteins and organs when there are
endocrine disrupters - from some flame retardants, birth control pills
or steroids - in the water in parts per billion. What is unclear is
the effect this has on humans, if any.

"We need to expand the task there," said Christian Daughton, who heads
the environmental chemistry branch at the EPA's National Exposure
Research Laboratory. "But the point is that no organism is exposed to
one toxicant at a time. What's happening here involves multiple
chemicals at a time, and naturally occurring toxic chemicals as well."

There were no studies being done on the health effects of chronic
exposure to the compound cocktail, according to officials from the
EPA, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. They say they need to figure out which
chemicals are appearing, and where, before deciding what to focus on.

However, the American Water Works Research Association in Denver,
which funded the nationwide drinking-water-plant survey, is conducting
a two-year study on the health effects of the chemicals. Philadelphia
is part of the study.

"We have two choices: We can sit around and do nothing, or we can take
what we have - a basic understanding of the fundamental risks - and
work with a team of toxicologists and find out where we would find
effects and at what levels," said Shane Snyder, a project manager with
the Southern Nevada Water Authority and head of the water works
association's study. The study is expected to be completed in 2006.

One facet of the investigation looks not only at the drinking-water
risk, but at how it compares with similar risks from other products -
for example, additives in food and chemicals in the air.

"We have what we get from air, what we eat, from skin contact, and
that's part of the question," Snyder said. "What is the realm of
possible exposure."

Part of the problem is population growth. People drink and flush and
wash, and the water has to go somewhere - and mostly it goes into the
sewer system, into the wastewater treatment plant, and then into a
river or stream. Drinking-water plants take up water from the rivers
and streams, treat it, and send it into the taps.

In New Jersey, a U.S. Geological Survey released in August studied
both the surface water and the finished drinking water at the plant in
Passaic Valley, which disinfects with chlorine. The study looked for
106 different compounds. In each of the four samples, there were at
least 11 contaminants. Several of the same contaminants turned up in
all of them, including caffeine, nicotine, fragrance ingredients and
Carbamazepine - a drug used to treat seizures.

The levels found were far, far below a daily dose. Assuming that most
people drink about half a gallon of water a day, a lifetime intake of
Carbamazepine would be 13 milligrams in 70 years, compared with a
single therapeutic dose of 100 milligrams.

"The question is: What do we do about this now?" said Eileen Murphy,
head of science research and technology for the New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection. The agency is starting a pilot program
with two plants, including the one in Passaic, to try to remove the
compounds, at a cost of $2 million. The plant is using ozone gas to
break down the chemical compounds, a fairly simple process.

Pennsylvania has not started statewide water testing, officials said.

Many drinking-water officials say they do not specifically test for
organic wastewater contaminants because the testing is expensive -
about $1,000 per sample - and because there is no requirement by the
EPA to do so.

"It's an issue that we're following in the literature," said Preston
Luitweiler, vice president of water resources at Aqua Pennsylvania
Inc., which oversees many wastewater and drinking-water plants in
Bucks, Chester, Delaware and Montgomery Counties. "We do a lot of
broad screening for things and we don't see these compounds at levels
that would be a concern for us."

But Christopher Crockett, manager of watershed protection at the
Philadelphia Water Department, is concerned.

"In our preliminary study, we found all the compounds the New Jersey
study found, and we also found traces of potential endocrine
disrupters," he said. The study was not available for release because
the agency had just started testing, he said, but all the compounds
were found at parts per trillion or less.

Part of the reason Philadelphia is checking out its water is because
some of the city's water comes out of the Schuylkill - right below
where the Wissahickon Creek meets the river. The creek travels from
its headwaters in Montgomery Township down through Upper Gwynedd and
Ambler.

The Wissahickon takes in the flow from five major wastewater treatment
plants. The wastewater treatment plants also take in the flow from
several industrial plants, including the Merck pharmaceutical plant in
West Point. At times, the nonnatural water sources account for as much
as 95 percent of the stream's flow.

In certain parts of the creek, more than 20 percent of the fish had
disease, tumors or fin damage, according to a 2003 EPA study. The
"very high level of disease and anomalies" was typical of water found
downstream of pollution sources, the report said.

There have been no reports of "gender bending" fish in the
Wissahickon. However, the township of Upper Gwynedd recently
petitioned to downgrade the upper part of the creek. Currently, the
creek is set at standards so that cold-water fish, such as trout, can
live in it.

The change, which is under review, would designate the upper 12 miles
as a "warm water" fishery, which might eventually allow for higher
releases from the wastewater treatment plants and change the
water-quality standards.

At a hearing in June, a Merck & Co. Inc. senior environmental engineer
and a water consultant retained by Merck accompanied the township
manager and attorney to support the petition.

Leonard Perrone, Upper Gwynedd township manager, said the issue is not
about water quality, it's about accuracy. He said no trout inhabit the
creek that high up, only downstream. Changing the designation would
accurately reflect the upper stream's quality, he said, and have no
effect on the creek.

"What's happening in the upper part of the creek doesn't necessarily
affect the lower part," he said.

Merck officials said they became involved in the petition process
because the township requested the studies the company had done on the
waterway. Both Perrone and Merck said they would not ask to change
their pollution permits in any way.

"Whatever the quality of the creek is now, it can't be less than
that," said Rob Cavett, the Merck senior environmental engineer who
attended the petition meeting.

Crockett said the Philadelphia Water Department would petition against
the change.

"My family drinks water out of the Queen Lane plant, and I'm going to
make sure it's as safe as possible," Crockett said. "It sounds scary,
but is it dangerous? No. You get more caffeine from a cup of coffee.

"But do we want to remove everything we can, if we can? Yes."