It would cost 3 times as much at a Drug Store.
Why not get it direct?
My original statement still stands true.
The role of glutathione in the prevention and treatment of cancer is ignored
here

BTDT Paul, January 21st. http://tinyurl.com/2l7ops
They're tiresome MLM sellers.
It can take quite a few years to complete all the required clinical trials, then
have the results peer-reviewed and compared to current treatment results.
Since they're whining we're not interested and these exchanges have been going on
many years,
they might as well get their product into drug stores, if they (the company) can,
if they want a chance at sales.
And leave us alone with their sales-pitches
IMO
J

On Feb 10, 2:42 pm, "Paul T. Holland" <pholl...@bellatlantic.net>
wrote: a "medical patent"
no such thing. and if it is presented as 'for the treatment and
prevention of cancer" then it would be a 'drug' not a supplement. <<

Well explain .. there .. scholar .. WHY is .. phytic acid a natural
substance found in the chaff of your grain .. patented FOR ..
**specifically** .. multiple sclerosis .. ?

If according to YOUR .. terms .. "a substance patented becomes a
drug" .. and then why IP6 is not being regulated since it is NOW ..
a .. "drug" .. as per your scholarly .. opine ..

Eh ..

Who loves ya.
Tom

Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://jesuswasavegetarian.7h.com

Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/a3cc3

DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk

Glutathione is not a brand name
It is a chemical name
It is a trepatide and is in every cell of your body

I have posted this before and it was ignored.

You intercellular glutathione level has a direct relationship to cancer
prevention, treatment, and prevention.
You cannot eat glutathione, inject it, inhale it.

It must be produced naturally in your cells.

Cut and paste if the links don't open

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&doptcmdl=DocS
um&term=glutathione+cancer

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&doptcmdl=DocS
um&term=glutathione+chemotherapy

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&doptcmdl=DocS
um&term=glutathione+tumor

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=PubMed&doptcmdl=DocS
um&term=glutathione+cervicalcancer

;)

Read below.
I have more too.

Summary of Medical Publications on Immunocal/HMS 90

     1.
    Bounous G., Molson J.

     Competition For Glutathione Precursors Between The Immune System And
The Skeletal Muscle: Pathogenesis Of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

     Med Hypotheses. 1999 Oct;53(4) :347-349.

     2.
    Kennedy R.S., Konok G.P., Bounous G., Baruchel S., Lee T.D.

     The Use Of A Whey Protein Concentrate In The Treatment Of Patients
With Metastatic Carcinoma : A Phase I-II Clinical Study.

     Anticancer Res. 1995 Nov-Dec;15(6B) :2643-2650.

     3.
    Bounous G., Baruchel S., Falutz J., Gold P.

     Whey Proteins As A Food Supplement In HIV-Seropositive Individuals.

     Clin Invest Med. 1993 Jun;16(3) :204-209.

     4.
    Bounous G., Gold P.

     The Biological Activity Of Undenatured Dietary Whey Proteins : Role Of
Glutathione.

     Clin Invest Mod. 1991 Aug;14(4) :296-309.

     5.
    Bounous G., Batist G., Gold P.

     Whey Proteins In Cancer Prevention.

     Cancer Lett. 1991 May 1;57(2) :91-94.  Review Letter.

     6.
    Papenburg R., Bounous G., Fleiszer D., Gold P.

     Dietary Milk Proteins Inhibit The Development Of
Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Malignancy.

     Tumour Biol. 1990;11(3) :129-136.

     7.
    Bounous G., Gervais F., Amer V., Batist G., Gold P.

     The Influence Of Dietary Whey Protein On Tissue Glutathione And The
Diseases Of Aging.

     Clin Invest Med. 1989 Dec;12(6) :343-349.

     8.
    Bounous G., Batist G., Gold P.

     Immunoenhancing Property Of Dietary Whey Protein In Mice: Role Of
Glutathione.

     Clin Invest Med. 1989 Jun;12(3) :154-161.

     9.
    Bounous G., Kongshavn P.A., Gold P.

     The Immunoenhancing Property Of Dietary Whey Protein Concentrate.

     Clin Invest Med. 1988 Aug;11(4) :271-278.

     10.
    Bounous G., Papenburg R., Kongshavn P.A., Gold P., Fleiszer D.

     Dietary Whey Protein Inhibits The Development Of Dimethylhydrazine
Induced Malignancy.

     Clin Invest Med. 1988 Jun;11(3) :213-217.

     11.
    Bounous G., Shenouda N., Kongshavn P.A., Osmond D.G.

     Mechanism Of Altered B-Cell Response Induced By Changes In Dietary
Protein Type In Mice.

     J Nutr. 1985 Nov;115(11) :1409-1417.

     12.
    Bounous G., Kongshav.n. PA.

     Differential Effect Of Dietary Protein Type On The B-Cell And T-Cell
Immune Responses In Mice.

     J Nutr. 1985 Nov;115(11) :1403-1408.

     13.
    Bounous G., Letourneau L., Kongshavn P.A.

     Influence Of Dietary Protein Type On The Immune System Of Mice.

     J Nutr. 1983 Jul;113(7) :1415-1421.

     14.
    Costantino A.M., Balzola F., Bounous G.

     Changes in biliary secretory immunoglobulins A in mice fed whey
proteins
     Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol 1989 35(4): 241-5

     15.
    Baruchel S., Bounous G., Gold P.

     Place For An Antioxidant Therapy In Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Infection.

     Oxidative Stress, Cell Activation and Viral Infection - C. Pasquier et
al. (eds) 1994; 311-321.

     16.
    Bounous G., Kongshavn P.A.

     Influence Of Dietary Proteins On The Immune System Of Mice.

     J Nutr. 1982 Sep; 112(9) :1747-55.

     17.
    Bounous G., Stevenson M.M., Kongshavn P.A.

     Influence Of Dietary Lactalbumin Hydrolysate On The Immune System Of
Mice And Resistance To Salmonellosis.

     J Infect Dis. 1981 Sep; 144(3) :281.  No abstract available.

     18.
    Lands L.C., Grey V.L., Smountas A.A.

     Effect Of Supplementation With A Cysteine Donor On Muscular
Performance.

     J Appl Physiol. 1999 Oct;87(4) :1381-1385.

     19.
    Lothian B., Grey V., Kimoff R.J., Lands L.C.

     Treatment Of Obstructive Airway Disease With A Cysteine Donor Protein
Supplement: A Case Report.                          Chest. 2000 Mar;117(3)

     20.
    Watanabe A., Higuchi K., Okada K., Shimizu Y., Kondo Y., Kohri H.

     Treatment Of Chronic Hepatitis Using Whey Protein (Non-Heated)

     16th International Congress of Nutrition (Montreal, Canada 1997).

     21.
    Bounous G.

     Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) And Glutathione Modulation In Cancer
Treatment.

     Anticancer Research 20 :4785-4792 (2000)

     22.
    Tsai W.Y., Chang W.H., Chen C.H., Lu F.J.

     Enhancing Effect Of Patented Whey Protein Isolate (ImmunocalÔ) On The
Cytotoxicity Of Anti-Cancer Drug.

     Nutrition and Cancer, Vol 38, Issue #2.

     23.
    Baruchel S., Viau G., Olivier R., Bounous G., Wainberg M.A.

     Nutriceutical Modulation Of Glutathione With A Humanized Native Milk
Serum Protein Isolate, ImmunocalÔ : Application In AIDS And Cancer.

     Marcel Dekker Inc. - New York - Basel - Hong Kong

     24.
    BOUNOUS G., MOLSON J.

     The Antioxidant System

     Anticancer Research 23: 1411-1416 (2003)

     25.
    Bartfay WJ, Davis MT, Medves JM, Lugowski S

     Milk Whey Protein decreases Oxygen Free Radical Production in a Murine
Model of Chronic Iron-Overload Cardiomyopathy

     Can J. Cardiol Vol 19 No 10, Sept. 03: 1163-1168 (2003)

Summary of Medical Publications on Immunocal/HMS 90

Medical Hypotheses (1999) 53(4): 347-349 - Ó1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. -
Article No. mehy. 1998.0780

1- Competition For Glutathione Precursors Between The Immune System And The
Skeletal Muscle:  Pathogenesis Of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

G. Bounous1, J Molson2

1Former Professor, Department of Surgery, McGill University, and career
Investigation

of the Medical Research Council of Canada

21994 Quebec Cycling Champion. Road and Time Trial

Summary - The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is typically associated or
follows a recognized or presumed infection.  Abnormalities of both humoral
and cellular immunity have been demonstrated in a substantial proportion of
patients with CFS. The most consistent findings are of impaired lymphocyte
responses to mitogen. As an antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) is essential for
allowing the lymphocyte to express its full potential without being hampered
by oxiradical accumulation. Hence, protracted challenge of the immunocytes
may lead to cellular GSH depletion. Because GSH is also essential to aerobic
muscular contraction, an undesirable competition for GSH precursors between
the immune and muscular systems may develop.  It is conceivable that the
priority of the immune system for the survival of the host has drawn to this
vital area the ever-diminishing GSH precursors, thus depriving the skeletal
muscle of adequate GSH precursors to sustain a normal aerobic metabolism
resulting in fatigue and eventually myalgia. © 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

****************************

Anticancer Research 15: 2643-2650, 1995

2- The Use of a Whey Protein Concentrate in the Treatment of Patients with
metastatic Carcinoma: A Phase I-II Clinical Study

RENEE S. KENNEDY1, GEORGE P. KONOK1, GUSTAVO BOUNOUS2, SYLVAIN BARUCHEL3

and TIMOTHY D.G. LEE4

1Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia:

2Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal Quebec

3Department of Pediatrics and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec:

4Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada

ABSTRACT.  Glutathione (GSH) concentration is high in most tumor cells and
this may be an important factor in resistance to chemotherapy.  Previous
in-vitro and animal experiments have shown a differential response of tumor
versus normal cells to various cysteine delivery systems.  More
specifically, an in-vitro assay showed that at concentrations that induce
GSH synthesis in normal human cells, a specially prepared whey protein
concentrate, ImmunocalT, caused GSH depletion and inhibition of
proliferation in human breast cancer cells.  On the basis of this
information five patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast, one of
the pancreas and one of the liver were fed 30 grams of this whey protein
concentrate daily for six months.  In six patients the blood lymphocyte GSH
levels were substantially above normal at the outset, reflecting high tumor
GSH levels.  Two patients (#1, #3) exhibited signs of tumor regression,
normalization of haemoglobin and peripheral lymphocyte counts and a
sustained drop of lymphocyte GSH levels towards normal.  Two patients (#2,
#7) showed stabilization of the tumor, increased haemoglobin levels.  In
three patients (#4, #5, #6) the disease progressed with a trend toward
higher lymphocyte GSH levels.  These results indicate that whey protein
concentrate might deplete tumor cells of GSH and render than more vulnerable
to chemotherapy.

Clin Invest Med, 16: 204-209, 1993

3- Whey Proteins As A Food Supplement In HIV-Seropositive Individuals

G. Bounous, S. Baruchel, J. Falutz, P. Gold

Departments of Surgery and Medicine, The Montreal General Hospital and
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec

ABSTRACT - On the basis of numerous animal experiments, a pilot study was
undertaken to evaluate the effect of undenatured, biologically active,
dietary whey protein in 3 HIV-seropositive individuals over a period of 3
months.  Whey protein concentrate was prepared so that the most
thermosensitive proteins, such as serum albumin which contains 6
glutamylcysteine groups, would be in undenatured form.  Whey protein powder
dissolved in a drink of the patient's choice was drunk cold in quantities
that were increased progressively from 8.4 to 39.2 g per day.  Patients took
whey proteins without adverse side effects.  In the 3 patients whose body
weight had been stable in the preceding 2 months, weight gain increased
progressively between 2 and 7 kg, with 2 of the patients reaching ideal body
weight.  Serum proteins, including albumin, remained unchanged and within
normal range, indicating that protein replenishment per se was not likely
the cause of increased body weight.  The glutathione content of the blood
mononuclear cells was, as expected, below normal values in all patients at
the beginning of the study.  Over the 3-month period, GSH levels increased
and in one case rose by 70% to reach normal value.  The increase in body
weight observed in these patients did not correlate with increase in energy
or protein intake.

In conclusion, these preliminary data indicate that, in patients who
maintain an adequate total caloric intake, the addition of "bioactive" whey
protein concentrate as a significant portion of total protein intake
increases body weight and shows elevation of glutathione (GSH) content of
mononuclear cells toward normal levels.  This pilot study will serve as a
basis for a much larger clinical trial.

*****************************

Clin Invest Med, 14: 296-309, 1991

4- The Biological Activity Of Undenatured Dietary Whey Proteins: Role Of
Glutathione.

G. Bounous, P. Gold

Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, Research Institute, Quebec

ABSTRACT - This study compared the effects of different sources of whey
protein concentrate (20 g/100 g diet) and of casein on the spleen, liver,
and heart glutathione content of C3H/HeJ mice, and on the immune response of
their spleen cells to sheep red blood cells.  Body weight curves were
similar in all dietary groups.  Our data indicate that the humoral immune
response is highest in mice fed a dietary whey protein concentrate
exhibiting the highest solubility (undenatured conformation) and a greater
relative concentration of the thermolabile cystine rich proteins.  In
addition, the mice fed this type of whey protein concentrate exhibit higher
levels of tissue glutathione.  The presence in the serum albumin fraction of
glutamylcysteine groups (rare in food protein) and the specific
intramolecular bond as related to the undenatured conformation of the
molecule are considered to be key factors in the glutathione-promoting
activity of the protein mixture.

Cancer Letters, 57: 91-94, 1991

5- Whey Proteins In Cancer Prevention

G. Bounous*, G. Batist** and P. Gold***

*Professor of Surgery, McGill University, and Career Investigator of the
Medical Research Council of Canada, **Director, Experimental Therapeutics,
Department of Oncology, McGill University, ***Chairman, Department of
Medicine, McGill University, and Physician-in-Chief, The Montreal General
Hospital.

ABSTRACT - Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that dietary
milk products may exert an inhibitory effect on the development of several
types of tumors.  Some recent experiments in rodents indicate that the
antitumor activity of the dairy products is in the protein fraction and more
specifically in the whey protein component of milk.  We and others have
demonstrated that whey protein diets result in increased glutathione (GSH)
concentration in a number of tissues, and that some of the beneficial
effects of whey protein intake are abrogated by inhibition of GSH synthesis.
Whey protein is particularly rich in substrates for GSH synthesis.  We
suggest that whey protein may be exerting its effect on carcinogenesis by
enhancing GSH concentration.

*********************************

Tumor Biol 11: 129-136, 1990

6- Dietary Milk Proteins Inhibit the Development of
Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Malignancy

R. Papenburga, G. Bounousa, D. Fleiszera, P. Goldb

Departments of aSurgery and bMedicine, The Montreal General Hospital and
McGill University,

Montreal, Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT - This study investigated the influence of two formula diets
containing 20 g/100 g diet of either whey protein concentrate or casein, or
Purina mouse chow on 1,2dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinoma in
A/J mice.  Four weeks after the 24th DMH treatment the incidence of tumour
and tumour area in the whey protein-fed mice was substantially less in
comparison to either the casein or Purina groups.  The Purina group
exhibited the greatest tumour burden.  At the end of the experiment all
animals continuously fed the whey protein diet were found to be alive,
whereas 33% of those on the casein or Purina diet had died.  Animals fed
Purina diet for 20 weeks and then switched to either milk protein diet for a
further 8 weeks exhibited a decrease in tumour burden as compared to those
animals fed the Purina diet continuously.  Body weights were similar in all
dietary groups.  In conclusion, a whey protein diet appears to significantly
influence the development of chemically induced colon tumours and the
short-term survival of mice.

Clin Invest Med, 12: 343-349, 1989

7- The Influence Of Dietary Whey Protein On Tissue

Glutathione And The Diseases Of Aging

Gustavo Bounous1,2, Francine Gervais1,3, Victor Amer1,3, Gerald Batist3, and
Phil Gold1,3

The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute1 and McGill University,
Departments of Surgery2, and Medicine3

ABSTRACT - This study compared the effects of a whey-rich diet (20 g / 100 g
diet), with that of Purina mouse chow or casein-rich diet (20 g / 100 g
diet), on the liver and heart glutathione content and on the survival of old
male C57BL / 6 NIA mice.  The study was performed during a limited
observation period of 6.3 months.  In mice fed the whey protein-rich diet
between 17 months and 20 months of age, the heart tissue and liver tissue
glutathione content were enhanced above the corresponding values of the
casein diet-fed and Purina-fed mice.  Mice fed the whey protein diet at the
onset of senescence, exhibited increased longevity as compared to mice fed
Purina mouse chow over the 6.3 month observation period extending from the
age of 21 months (corresponding to a human age of 55 years) to 26-27 months
of age (corresponding to a human age of 80 years), during which time 55%
mortality was observed.  The corresponding mean survival time of mice fed
the defined casein diet is almost identical to that of Purina-fed controls.
Body weight curves were similar in all three dietary groups.  Hence, a whey
protein diet appears to enhance the liver and heart glutathione
concentration in aging mice and to increase longevity over a 6.3 month
observation period.

*******************************

Clin Invest Med, 12: 154-61, 1989

8- Immunoenhancing Property Of Dietary Whey Protein In Mice: Role Of
Glutathione

G. Bounous, G. Batist, P. Gold

Montreal General Hospital, Quebec

ABSTRACT - The spleen cells immune response to sheep red blood cells of
C3H/HeJ mice fed a 20 g whey protein/100 g diet is substantially higher than
that of mice fed an equivalent casein diet of similar nutritional
efficiency.  The present study indicates that the observed immunoenhancing
effect of the whey protein mixture is dependent on the overall amino acid
pattern resulting from the contribution of all its protein components.  Whey
protein contains substantially more cysteine than casein.  Dietary cysteine
is considered to be a rate limiting substrate for the synthesis of
glutathione which is necessary for lymphocyte proliferation.  Our studies
show that enhancement of host humoral immune response is associated with
greater and more sustained production of splenic glutathione during the
antigen driven clonal expansion of the lymphocyte in whey protein fed mice
in comparison to mice fed the equivalent casein or the cysteine-enriched
casein diet.  Hence the efficiency of dietary cysteine in inducing
supernormal glutathione levels is greater when it is delivered in the whey
protein than as free cysteine.  Administration of S-(n-butyl) homocysteine
sulfoximine, which reduces splenic glutathione level by half, produces  a
4-5 fold drop in the humoral immune response of whey protein diet-fed mice.
This is further evidence of the important role of glutathione in the
immunoenhancing effect of dietary whey protein.

Clinical and Investigative Medicine, Vol. 11,.No.  4,.pp 271-278,. 1988.

9- The Immunoenhancing Property Of Dietary Whey

Protein Concentrate

Gustavo Bounous1,2, Patricia A.L. Kongshavn1,3 and Phil Gold1,4

1The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 2[)epartments of Surgery,
3Physiology, and

4Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec

(Original manuscript submitted October 22, 1987: accepted in revised form
January 25, 1988)

ABSTRACT - The plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells was
found to be enhanced in mice fed a formula diet containing 20 g lactalbumin
/100 g diet in comparison to mice fed equivalent formula diets of similar
nutritional efficiency containing 20 g / 100 g diet of either casein, soy,
wheat or corn protein, egg albumin, beef or fish protein, Spirulina maxima,
or Scenedesmus protein, or Purina mouse chow.  This effect was manifest
after 2 weeks and persisted for at least 8 weeks of dietary treatment.
Mixing lactalbumin with either casein or soy protein in a 20 g protein / 100
g diet formula significantly enhanced the immune response in comparison to
that of mice fed diets containing 20% soy protein or casein.

key words: dietary whey protein, humoral immune response.

**********************************

Clin Inv Med, 11: 213-217, 1988

10- Dietary Whey Protein Inhibits the Development of
Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Malignancy

G. Bounous*, R. Papenburg*, P.A.L Kongshavn**, P. Gold?, and D. Fleiszer*

Departments of Surgery*, Physiology**, and Medicine?, Montreal General
Hospital and McGill University

ABSTRACT - This study investigates the influence of two formula diets
containing 20 g/100 g diet of either whey protein concentrate or casein or
Purina mouse chow, on the humoral immune responsiveness and
dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in A/J mice.  After 20 weeks
of dimethylhydrazine treatment, the number of plaque forming cells per
spleen, following intravenous inoculation with 5 x 106 sheep red blood
cells, was nearly three times greater in the whey protein-fed group than in
the casein-fed mice although both values were substantially below normal.
After 24 weeks of dimethylhydrazine treatment the incidence of tumors in the
whey protein-fed mice was substantially lower than that in mice fed either
the casein or Purina diet.  Similarly, the tumor area was less in the whey
protein group in comparison to either the casein or Purina groups, with some
difference between casein and Purina groups.  Body weight curves were
similar in all dietary groups.

In conclusion, a whey protein diet appears to significantly inhibit the
incidence and growth of chemically induced colon tumors in mice.

J. Nutr. 115: 1409-1417, 1985

11- Mechanism Of Altered B-Cell Response Induced By Changes

In Dietary Protein Type In Mice

G. Bounous, N. Shenouda,* P.A.L. Kongshavn? and D.G. Osmond*

Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sherbrooke, Quebec,
Canada, J1H 5N4; *Department of Anatomy, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2; and ?Department of Physiology, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2

ABSTRACT - The effect of 20 g/100 g dietary lactalbumin (L) or casein (C)
diets or a nonpurified (NP) diet on the immune responsiveness of C57B1/6J,
C3H/HeJ and BALB/cJ mice has been investigated by measuring the response to
the T cell-independent antigen, TNP-Ficoll.  To investigate the possible
influence of dietary protein type on the supply of B lymphocytes, bone
marrow lymphocyte production has been examined by a radioautographic assay
of small lymphocyte renewal and an immuno-fluorescent stathmokinetic assay
of pre-B cells and their proliferation.  The humoral response of all mice
fed the L diet was found to be higher than that of mice fed the C diet or
non purified diet.  A similar pattern of dietary protein effect in (CBA/N x
DBA/2J) F1 mice carrying the xid defect was observed following challenge
with sheep red blood cells (SRBC).  An even greater enhancing effect of
dietary L was noted in normal (DBA/2J x CBA/N) F1 mice after immunization
with SRBC, but in contrast, the normal large-scale production of B
lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow was independent of the type of dietary
protein.  Dietary protein type did not affect blood level of minerals and
trace metals.  The free plasma amino acid profile essentially conformed to
the amino acid composition of the ingested protein, suggesting that the
changes in plasma amino acid profile might be a crucial factor in
diet-dependent enhancement or depression of the B-cell response.  The
findings indicate that the observed effects of altered dietary protein type
on humoral immune responsiveness are not exerted centrally on the rate of
primary B-lymphocyte production in the bone marrow, but may reflect changes
either in the functional responsiveness of the B lymphocytes themselves or
in the processes leading to their activation and differentiation in the
peripheral lymphoid tissues.

Indexing Key Words: diet - protein - immunity - B-cell response - mice

********************************

J. Nutr. 115: 1403-1408, 1985.

12- Differential Effect of Dietary Protein Type on the B-Cell and

T-Cell Immune Responses in Mice

Gustavo Bounous and Patricia A.L. Kongshavn*

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4 and
*Montreal General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Physiology,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6

ABSTRACT - The effect of 20 g/100 g diet of lactalbumin (L), casein (C), soy
(S) and wheat (W) protein on the immune responsiveness of C3H/HeN mice has
been investigated by measuring the humoral immune response to the T
cell-independent antigen, TNP-Ficoll.  The humoral immune response of mice
fed the L diet was found to be higher than that of mice fed the C, S and W
diets.  On the other hand, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and splenic cell
mitogen responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A did not differ
among mice fed the various diets.  Similarly, the type of diet did not
appear to influence host resistance to Salmonella typhymurium.  It is
postulated that the type of protein in the diet influences directly the
intrinsic capacity of the B lymphocytes to respond to an immunogenic
stimulus.

Indexing Key Words:  diet * protein * immunity * mice

J. Nutr. 113: 1415-1421, 1983

13- Influence Of Dietary Protein Type On The Immune System Of Mice

G. Bounous, L. Létourneau and P.A.L. Kongshavn?

Centre hospitalier universitaire, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; J1H 5N4 and
?Montreal General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Physiology,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6

ABSTRACT - The effect of graded amounts of dietary lactalbumin (L), casein
(C), soy (S), wheat (W) protein and Purina rodent chow (stock diet) on the
immune responsiveness of C3H/HeN mice has been investigated by measuring the
specific humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and horse
red blood cells (HRBC) as well as the nonspecific splenic cell
responsiveness to phyto-hemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) after
stimulation with Myco-bacterium bovis, strain BCG.  The nutritional
efficiency of these diets was normal and similar.  The immune response of
mice fed the L diets, was found to be almost five times higher than that of
mice fed the corresponding C diets.  The humoral immune response of mice fed
C, S, and W diets was substantially lower than that of mice fed stock diet,
whereas that of mice fed L diet was higher.  The above-described immune
effect of all tested proteins was obtained at 20 g/100 g concentration with
no further increments with 30- and 40 g/100 g protein in the diet.  Mitogen
responsiveness to PHA and Con A in L diet-fed mice was only slightly higher
than that of C diet-fed mice.  Little difference in immune responses was
noted among mice fed C, S or W protein diets.  The principal factor
responsible for the observed immune effect does not appear to be the
availability or concentration of single essential amino acids but rather the
composite effect of the specific amino acid distribution in the protein.

*****************************

Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol  35(4): 241-5, 1989

14- Changes in Biliary Secretory Immunoglobulins A in Mice Fed Whey Proteins

Costantino AM, Balzola F, Bounous G.

A whey protein diet has been shown to enhance splenic immune response to
sheep red blood cells (SBRC) in mice.  This study was designed to
investigate the influence of the type of dietary protein on the biliary
secretory IgA.  A/J mice were fed defined formula diets containing either
20% whey protein, or 20% casein.  Another group was fed Purina mouse chow.
After 3 weeks of dietary treatment the body weight of each mouse was
recorded and the gall-bladder was removed and its whole content analyzed by
ELISA to determine S-IgA secretion.  Body weight curves were similar in all
dietary groups; higher biliary levels of S-IgA appeared in the whey protein
fed mice than in the casein (p less than 0.025) or purine (p less than
0.025) fed mice.  Dietary protein type may have a direct influence on the
immune response in the gastrointestinal tract, without affecting body
weight.

Oxidative Stress, Cell Activation and Viral infection · C. Pasquier et al.
(eds) · Ó1994 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

15- Place For An Antioxidant Therapy In Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Infection

S. Baruchel1,2 G. Bounous2, P. Gold2

1McGill University, Dept. of Pediatrics; McGill AIDS Centre. Montreal. Qc.
H3H 1P3, Canada
2 McGill University, Dept of Medicine; McGill AIDS Centre. Montreal. Qc. H3G
1A4, Canada

SUMMARY - Oxidative stress, a known activator of HIV replication in vitro,
has a potential role as a cofactor of HIV disease progression. Arguments
supporting the role of oxidative stress as a cofactor in HIV activation are
summarized in this review. The role of intracellular antioxidants such as
glutathione (GSH), and drugs and nutriceutical agents promoting GSH
synthesis, are discussed. The review also includes the early results of
nutritional interventions based on a diet enriched with IMMUNOCALÔ, a whey
protein concentrate prepared in a proprietary manner.

********************************

J. Nutr. 112:1747-1755, 1982. - Reprinted from The Journal of Nutrition

Vol. 112, no. 9, September 1982 © The American Institute of Nutrition 1982

16- Influence Of Dietary Proteins On

The Immune System Of Mice1

G. Bounous2o and PAL Kongshavn?

oCentre Hospitalier Universitaire, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4 and
?Montreal General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Physiology,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6

ABSTRACT The effect of graded amounts of dietary laetalbumin (L) and casein
(C) hydrolyzates on the immune responsiveness of C3H/HeN and DBA/2 strain
mice has been investigated by measuring both the specific humoral immune
response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the nonspecific splenic cell
responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide after stimulation with Mycobacteriurn bovis, strain BCG.
The nutritional efficiency of these diets was similar at both 12 and 28%
amino acid levels. The immune responses of mice fed the L diets were found
to be significantly greater than those of mice fed the corresponding C
diets, especially at the 28% level. Furthermore in the mice fed L diet,
increasing the concentration of amino acid in the diet from 12 to 28%
greatly enhanced immune responsiveness by both parameters measured. In the
C-fed mice, a comparable enhancement of mitogen responsiveness with
increasing amino acid level of diet was seen, but there was no change in the
humoral immune response. The enhancement of immune responsiveness observed
in mice fed the 28% L diet was moderately reduced by the addition of
phenylalanine to the diet, indicating that the lower level of this amino
acid in the L protein may be of some significance. These dietary effects on
immune responsiveness were remarkably similar in both mouse strains tested.

INDEXING KEY WORDS:  diet - protein - immunity - mice

the Journal of Infectious Diseases, 144:  281, 1981

17- Influence Of Dietary Lactalbumin Hydrolysate On The Immune System Of
Mice And Resistance To Salmonellosis

G. Bounous, M.M. Stevenson*, P.A.L. Kongshavn?

Centre hospitalier universitaire, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; *Montreal
General Hospital Research Institute and ?McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT - In the present study we investigated the effect of four weeks of
treatment with a diet containing lactalbumin hydrolysate (LAH: Nestlé,
Vevey, Switzerland) on the immune response of C3H/HeN mice.  Our data
indicate that it was possible to increase the level of this type of protein
in the diet above the minimum requirement (12% LAH) and thus produce
augmented humoral immune responsiveness and resistance to salmonellosis.

Lactalbumin = Whey Protein Concentrate

*****************************

Journal of Applied Physiology, 87: 1381-1385, 1999

18- The Effect Of Supplementation With A Cysteine Donor On Muscular
Performance

LC Lands, MD, PhD*?, VL Grey, PhD??, AA Smountas, BSc*

*Division of Respiratory Medicine, ? Department of Pediatrics, ?Department
of Biochemistry, McGill University Health Centre-Montreal Children's
Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT: Oxidative stress contributes to muscular fatigue.  Glutathione
(GSH) is the major intracellular antioxidant, whose biosynthesis is
dependent upon cysteine availability.  We hypothesized that supplementation
with a whey-based cysteine donor (Immunocal (HMS90)) designed to augment
intracellular GSH, would enhance performance.  Twenty healthy young adults
(10 m) were studied pre- and 3 months post-supplementation with either
Immunocal (20 gm/day) or casein placebo.  Muscular performance was assessed
by whole leg isokinetic cycle testing, measuring Peak Power and 30-sec Work
Capacity.  Lymphocyte GSH was used as a marker of tissue GSH.  There were no
baseline differences (age, ht, wt, % ideal wt, Peak Power, 30-sec Work
Capacity).  Follow-up data on 18 subjects (9 Immunocal, 9 placebo) were
analyzed.  Both Peak Power (mean±se: 13±3.5%, p<0.02) and 30-sec Work
Capacity (13±3.7%, p<0.03) increased significantly in the Immunocal group,
with no change (2±9.0 and 1±9.3%) in the placebo group.  Lymphocyte GSH also
increased significantly in the Immunocal group (35.5±11.04%, p<0.02) with no
change in the placebo group (-0.9±9.6%).  This is the first study to
demonstrate that prolonged supplementation with a product designed to
augment antioxidant defenses resulted in improved volitional performance.

Key words: oxidative stress, exercise

Accepted for publication in "Chest"

19- Treatment Of Obstructive Airway Disease With A Cysteine Donor Protein
Supplement: A Case Report

Bryce Lothian, MD*, Vijaylaxmi Grey, PhD*?, R. John Kimoff, MD?, Larry
Lands, MD, PhD*§

*Department of Pediatrics, ?Department of Biochemistry, §Division of
Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre-Montreal Children's
Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

?Division of Respiratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre-Royal
Victoria Hospita, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT:Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance can occur in obstructive airways
disease, as a result of ongoing inflammation.  Glutathione plays a major
role in pulmonary antioxidant protection.  As an alternative or complement
to anti-inflammatory therapy, augmenting antioxidant protection could
diminish the effects of inflammation.  We describe a case of a patient with
obstructive lung disease, responsive to corticosteroids, with low whole
blood glutathione levels.  Following one month of supplementation with a
whey-based oral supplement, designed to provide glutathione precursors,
whole blood glutathione levels and pulmonary function significantly and
dramatically increased.  The potential for such supplementation in pulmonary
inflammatory conditions deserves further study.

**********************************

PR514

20- Treatment Of Chronic Hepatitis Using

Whey Protein (Non-Heated)

A. Watanabe, K. Higuchi, K. Okada, Y. Shimizu, Y. Kondo* and H. Kohri*

4

Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical
University, Toyama, Japan, and * Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc.,
Nutrition Research Institute, Tokushima. Japan.

In an open study, the clinical efficacy of whey protein (Immunocal: cysteine
content; 7.6-fold that of casein) isolated from fresh milk and purified
without being heated was evaluated based on liver function test,
immunological parameters, plasma or lymphocyte GSH concentrations and
hepatitis virus markers in 25 patients with chronic hepatitis B or C.
Immunocal (12 g as protein) food (mousse) was given twice a day, in the
morning and evening, for 12 weeks (test period).  Casein (12 g as protein)
food (mousse) was given for 2 weeks prior to the start of -supplement with
Immunocal food (induction period) and for 4 weeks after the end (follow-up
period). The effects of Immunocal food on various clinical parameters were
examined at 4-week intervals for 18 weeks to evaluate the efficacy of
Immunocal. As a result, serum ALT activity decreased in 6 of 8 patients with
chronic hepatitis B 12 weeks after the start of supplement with Immunocal
food. Plasma GSH concentrations were increased in 5 of the 8 patients. Serum
. concentrations of lipid peroxides significantly decreased 8 weeks after
Immunocal food. Serum IL-2 levels began to increase 8 weeks and remained
high even after supplement with Immunocal -food had ended. Furthermore, NK
activity was significantly increased. However, an item correlating with
reduced serum ALT activity could not be clarified. In 17 patients with
chronic hepatitis C, there wore no significant Immunocal-related changes in
liver function test or immunological parameters. These findings suggest that
long-term supplement with Immunocal alone may be effective for patients with
chronic hepatitis B, and a further clinical study that long-term combination
therapy with Immunocal and other agents including interferon may be
effective for those with chronic hepatitis C should be performed.

Anticancer Research 20: 4785-4792, 2000.

21- Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) and Glutathione Modulation

in Cancer Treatment

Gustavo Bounous, M.D., F.R.C.S. (C)

ABSTRACT - The glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system is foremost among the
cellular protective mechanisms.  Depletion of this small molecule is a
common consequence of increased formation of reactive oxygen species during
increased cellular activities.  This phenomenon can occur in the lymphocytes
during the development of the immune response and in the muscular cells
during strenuous exercise.  It is not surprising that so much research has
been done, and is still being done on this small tripeptide molecule. Whey
protein concentrate has been shown to represent an effective and safe
cysteine donor for GSH replenishment during GSH depletion in immune
deficiency states.  Cysteine is the crucial limiting amino acid for
intracellular GSH synthesis.  Animal experiments showed that the
concentrates of whey proteins also exhibit anti-carcinogenesis and
anticancer activity.  They do this via their effect on increasing GSH
concentration in relevant tissues, and may have anti-tumor effect on low
volume of tumor via stimulation of immunity through the GSH pathway.  It is
considered that oxygen radical generation is frequently a critical step in
carcinogenesis, hence the effect of GSH on free radicals as well as
carcinogen detoxification, could be important in inhibiting carcinogenesis
induced by a number of different mechanisms.  Case reports are presented
which strongly suggest an anti-tumor effect of a whey protein dietary
supplement in some urogenital cancers.  This non toxic dietary intervention,
which is not based on the principles of current cancer chemotherapy, will
hopefully attract the attention of laboratory and clinical oncologists.

*****************************

Accepted for publication in Nutrition and Cancer, Vol 38, Issue #2

22- Enhancing Effect of Patented Whey Protein Isolate

(IMMUNOCALÔ) on the Cytotoxicity of Anti-cancer Drug

Wayne Y. Tsai, Wen-Huei Chang, Ching-Hsein Chen, and Fung-Jou Lu

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

ABSTRACT - To determine the enhancing effect of a whey protein isolate on
the cytotoxicity of a potential anti-cancer drug. baicalein, human hepatoma
cell line HepG2 was assigned to grow in different media for four days,
followed by the investigation of cell growth and apoptosis. Excluding the
control group with normal medium, other three treatment media included whey
protein isolate (marketed as ImmunocalÔ) medium, baicalein medium, and
combined medium containing both IrnmunocalÔ and baicalein.  MTT assay
indicated that cells grew in combined medium had a significantly lower
survival rate compared to the cells grew in baicalein medium; in contrast,
for the cells grew in ImmunocalÔ group, there was no significant difference
on survival rate. In the investigation of apoptosis. compared to the cells
in baicalein medium, cells in combined medium showed a higher
phosphatidylserine exposure, lower rnitochondrial transmembrane potential
and nearly 13 times more cells were detected undergoing apoptosis. We also
demonstrated that ImmunocalÔ was able to reduce glutathione in HepG2 by 20%
to 40% and regulated the elevation of glutathione, which was in response to
baicalein. In conclusion, ImmunocalÔ seemed to enhance the cytotoxicity of
baicalein by inducing more apoptosis, this increase in apoptotic cells may
be in association with the depletion of GSH in HepG2. This is the first
study to demonstrate, in vitro, that ImmunocalÔ may function as an adjuvant
in cancer treatments.

Oxidative Stress in Cancer, AIDS, and Neurodegenerative Diseases - Luc
Montagnier et al., (Ed.) Marcel Dekker Inc., New York: 447-461, 1998

23- Nutriceutical Modulation Of Glutathione With A Humanized Native Milk
Serum Protein Isolate, ImmunocalÔ:

Application In AIDS And Cancer.

S. Baruchel*, G. Viau*, R. Olivier**, G. Bounous***, M.A. Wainberg****

*McGill University - Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, **Pasteur Institute Paris, France, ***Montreal
General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, ****Jewish General Hospital,
Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

ABSTRACT - The biological activity of the proteins isolated from cow's milk
in ImmunocalÔ depends on the preservation of those labile proteins which
share with the predominant human milk proteins the same extremely rare
glutathione (GSH)-promoting components.  Cellular GSH depletion has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of degenerative conditions and
disease states including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, arteriosclerosis,
cataracts, cystic fibrosis, malnutrition, aging, AIDS, and cancer.

This newly discovered nutriceutical modulation of GSH by the use of
humanized native milk serum protein isolate of bovine origin in AIDS and
cancer may well find other applications in disease where oxidative stress
and pathology of GSH metabolism are largely implicated.  In a pilot study,
this type of whey protein concentrate was found to be well tolerated in
children with AIDS and wasting syndrome and was found associated with an
improvement of the nutritional status of the patient.  Moreover, the GSH
promoting activity on the peripheral blood lymphocyte of this protein
concentrate was validated in patients with initial low GSH levels.
Extensive pharmaco-epidemiological study of GSH metabolism and standardized
methods of measurement of intracellular GSH applicable in clinical trials
are needed in order to better define the clinical application of this new
type of therapy.

*****************************

Anticancer Research 23:  1411-1416 (2003)

24- The Antioxidant System

G. Bounous and J. H. Molson

Research and Development Department Immunotec Research Ltd.,
Vaudreuil-Dorion, Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT - The glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system is the principal
protective mechanism of the cell and is a crucial factor in the development
of the immune response by the immune cells.  Experimental data demonstrate
that a cysteine-rich whey protein concentrate represents an effective
cysteine delivery system for GSH replenishment during the immune response.
Animal experiments showed that the concentrates of whey protein also exhibit
anticancer activity. They do this via the GSH pathway, the induction of p53
protein in transformed cells and inhibition of neoangiogenesis.

Can J Cardiol Vol 19, No 10, September 2003

25- Milk Whey Protein Decreases Oxygen Free Radical

Production in a Murine Model of

Chronic Iron-Overload Cardiomyopathy

WJ Bartfay, MT Davis, JM Medves, S Lugowski

ABSTRACT - Chronic iron overload is a major cause of organ failure
worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated.

To examine in an experimental murine model of iron-overload cardiomyopathy
the relation between milk whey protein and, first, the production of
reactive oxygen free radical species and, second, antioxidant reserve
status.

B6D2F1 mice were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n=8 per
treatment group): placebo control; iron only; whey only; and iron with whey.
Reactive oxygen free radical species in the heart were quantified by the
cytotoxic aldehydes malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) and
hexanal, while antioxidant reserve status was quantified by glutathione
(GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the heart tissue.

Significantly decreased concentrations (pmol/100 mg wet weight tissue) of
MDA (2468 ± 261), HNE (912 ± 38) and hexanal (5385 ± 927) were observed in
the heart tissue of the group receiving iron with whey, in comparison with
the iron-only treatment group (MDA 9307 ± 387, HNE 1416 ± 157, hexanal
14,874 ± 2955; P<0.001).  Significantly increased GPx (141 ± 38 IU/L) and
GSH (521 ± 136 IU/L) activity were observed in mice receiving iron with
whey, in comparison with mice receiving iron only (GPx 100 ± 10 IU/L, GSH
446 ± 33 IU/L; P<0.001).

Mice receiving iron treatments with whey supplementation had significantly
lower concentrations of cytotoxic aldehydes and significantly higher cardiac
levels of GPx and GSH activity than did iron-only treated mice.  Additional
basic research is warranted to examine the exact mechanisms by which milk
whey protein protects the heart.

*****************************

Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC)

and Glutathione Modulation in Cancer Treatment Whey

Protein Concentrate (WPC) and Glutathione Modulation in Cancer
Treatment

 Anticancer Res 2000 Nov-Dec;20(6C):4785-92

 Gustavo Bounous, M.D., F.R.C.S. (C)

 Abstract

The glutathione antioxidant system is foremost among the cellular

protective mechanisms. Depletion of this small molecule is a common

consequence of increased formation of reactive oxygen species during

increased cellular activities. This phenomenon can occur in the  lymphocytes
during the development of the immune response and in the

muscular cells during strenuous exercise. It is not surprising that so much
research has been done, and is still being done on this small tripeptide
molecule. Whey protein concentrate has been shown to represent an effective
and safe cysteine donor for GSH replenishment during GSH depletion in immune
deficiency states.

Cysteine is the crucial limiting amino acid for intracellular GSH synthesis.
Animal experiments showed that the concentrates of whey proteins also
exhibit anti-carcinogenesis and anticancer activity. They do this via their
effect on increasing GSH concentration in relevant tissues, and may have
anti-tumor effect on low volume of tumor via stimulation of immunity through
the GSH pathway. It is considered that oxygen radical generation is
frequently a critical step in carcinogenesis, hence the effect of GSH on
free radicals as well as carcinogen detoxification, could be important in
inhibiting carcinogenesis induced by a number of different mechanisms. Case
reports are presented which strongly suggest an anti-tumor effect of

a whey protein dietary supplement in some urogenital cancers.

This non toxic dietary intervention, which is not based on the principles of
current cancer chemotherapy, will hopefully attract the attention of
laboratory and clinical oncologists.

Correspondence to: Gustavo Bounous, M.D., Research & Development

Department, Immunotec Research Ltd., 292 Adrien-Patenaude,

Vaudreuil-Dorion, Quebec, Canada, J7V 5V5

Key words: (whey protein), (glutathione), (cancer). Glutathione
Mammalian cells have evolved numerous mechanisms to prevent or treat

injurious events that can result from normal oxidative by products of
cellular metabolism. The "glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system" is foremost
among these endogenous protective systems because GSH

participates directly in the destruction of reactive oxygen compounds
through the GSH peroxidase and maintains in reduced active form vitamins C
and E, which also exert an antioxidant effect.1 In addition, GSH detoxifies
foreign compounds in a reaction catalyzed by GSH-transferases.2 For these
reasons, cellular GSH plays a central role in the body's defense against
infection, free radicals and carcinogens. It is not surprising that the
liver, which is the major organ involved in the detoxification and
elimination of toxic materials, has the greatest concentration of GSH.3.

The sulfhydryl (thiol) group (SH) of cysteine is responsible for the

chemical properties of the whole GSH molecule
(L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine). As systemic availability of oral GSH
is negligible in man4 and because there is no evidence for transport of GSH
into cells,2,3 GSH has to be synthesized intracellularly. Though the inflow
of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine (components of GSH) may prove somewhat
limiting under selected circumstances, numerous observations have shown that
cysteine tends to be the rate-limiting event in GSH synthesis.
However, free cysteine does not represent an ideal delivery system:

it is toxic5 and spontaneously oxidized. On the other hand, cysteine present
as cystine (two cysteines linked by a disulfide bond) released during
digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is more stable than the free amino
acid: the disulfide bond is pepsin- and trypsin-resistant, but may be split
by heat and mechanical stress.6 Thus, cystine travels safely in the plasma
and is promptly reduced to the two cysteine molecules on cell entry.

7 Glutathione and Immunity

It has been demonstrated that the ability of lymphocytes to offset

oxidative damage (during their oxygen-requiring clonal expansion and

following that expansion in the production of antibodies, and helper-CD4 and
cytolytic-CD8 T lymphocytes) is measured by determining the capacity of
these cells to regenerate intracellular stores of GSH, therefore allowing
them to respond more fully to the antigenic stimulus.8,9 Whey Protein
Concentrate and Immunity. In the early 1980's, it was discovered that normal
mice fed a whey protein concentrate (wpc) as 20% of a formula diet exhibited
a marked increase in antibody production in response to a T cell dependent
antigen10,11. The immuno-sustaining effect of this wpc,

unrelated to its nutritional efficiency, was confirmed by the protecting
effect of this dietary treatment against pneumococcal infection12.

Growth, serum proteins, circulating lymphocytes10-13 and more
specifically, the genesis of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow14 are

not influenced by the wpc diet. The cysteine content of the wpc appears to
play a role in the bioactivity of the diet. In fact, optimization of the
immune response in animals fed wpc is attributed to a greater production of
glutathione in the lymphocytes through dietary provision of
supplementary doses of the GSH precursor cystine13.

The confirmation by Parker et al15 of the immunenhancing effect of  wpc was
followed in 1995 by another independent study supporting this unique
property of wpc. In this study, ingestion of bovine milk whey proteins,
either as a supplement or as the only protein source in a balanced diet,
consistently enhanced secondary humoral antibody responses following
systemic immunization with ovalbumin when compared with other protein
sources such as soybean protein isolate and ovine colostral whey proteins.
After 5-8 weeks of feeding, dietary milk whey proteins enhanced
cell-mediated immune responses. These properties were unlikely to be related
to the nutritional effect

16. Whey Protein Concentrate and Cancer

The search for the potential mechanism of immunoenhancement by wpc

has revealed the provocative possibility that the GSH promoting activity of
whey protein concentrate may contribute to a broader biological effect of a
protective nature with regard to susceptibility to cancer as well as general
detoxification of environmental agents.

A university of Wisconsin study convincingly showed that physiological
levels of androgens are capable of decreasing the GSH content in human
prostatic androgen-responsive cells, which could provide a mechanism by
which androgen exposure promotes prostate carcinogenesis17. Conversely, a
slightly higher GSH level in the colon, obtained by wpc feeding, is
associated with a lower tumor burden in an experimental model of human colon
carcinoma (Fig. 1) again suggesting that tissue GSH levels modulate
tumorigenesis. In 1988, it was reported that, after 24 weeks of
dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treatment, the incidence of colon tumors in wpc-fed
mice was substantially lower than that in mice fed either the equivalent

casein or Purina diet. Similarly, the tumor area was less in the wpc

group in comparison to either the casein or Purina groups. Body weight
curves were similar in all dietary group18. In a subsequent similar study,
all animals continuously fed the wpc diet were found to be alive at the end
of the experiment whereas 32% of those on the casein or Purina diet had
died. In this latter study, some animals were switched from Purina to a wpc
diet only during the final 8 weeks of study. The marked difference in the
number and size of tumors between these animals and those eating Purina
throughout the entire 28 weeks experiment, indicate an effect following
tumor initiation19. Almost identical results were subsequently obtained in
rats by Australian investigators20 (Fig. 1). Most recently, a study from
Arkansas showed that diets formulated with whey protein

provided significantly more protection than casein or soy-based diets
against chemically induced mammary cancer in rats21. The
immunoenhancing and anti-cancer properties of wpc have been defined

as "bioactivity" of the product. In discussing the effects of milk proteins
on tumors it is important to distinguish between anti-tumors effect and the
anti-carcinogenesis effect. Our hypothesis is that (I) wpc may be important
in both these effects; (II) it does this via its effect on increasing GSH
concentration, in relevant tissues, probably by providing high levels of
substrates for GSH synthesis; (III) that it may have an anti-tumor effect on

low volumes of tumor via stimulation of immunity through the GSH

pathway; (IV) that it may have anti-carcinogenic effect by increasing GSH
levels that could detoxify potential carcinogens in some cases by being
conjugated to a known chemical like DMH. In spontaneous carcinogenesis
models, GSH may also be playing a role. Since it is considered that oxygen
radical generation is frequently a critical step in carcinogenesis22 the
effect of GSH on free radical detoxification2 could be important in
inhibiting  carcinogenesis induced by a number of different mechanisms23.

The prostate cancer hypothesis 17 could be a case in point.

In addition, an intriguing relationship has been discovered between

cancer cell GSH and GSH precursors or cysteine pro-drugs. This
phenomenon has been brought to light especially by in vitro studies.

These observations indicate the strong possibility of a direct

effect of cysteine delivery systems on tumor cells. In 1986, Russo

et al observed that cellular GSH levels were 7-fold higher in a human lung
adenocarcinoma cell line than in a normal human fibroblast line. In tumor
cell line OTZ (oxothiazoline-4-carboxilate which yield cysteine for GSH
synthesis) treatment in vitro had no effect; however, GSH levels of 140-170%
of control were achieved in the normal fibroblast line24.

The same phenomenon was shown in an in vivo model of rat mammary

carcinoma, where GSH concentration was increased in bone marrow and

paradoxically reduced in tumor tissue25. A natural cysteine delivery

system also exhibited on tumor cells in vitro the anti-GSH effect of the
synthetic products. Thus an in vitro assay showed that, at
concentrations that induce GSH synthesis and proliferation in normal

cells, a wpc caused GSH depletion and inhibition of proliferation of

cells in a rat mammary carcinoma and Jurkat T cells26. The
selectivity demonstrated in these experiments may be explained by
the fact that GSH synthesis is lightly regulated and it is negatively
inhibited by its own synthesis and since baseline intracellular GSH in tumor
cells is much higher than in normal cells, it is easier to reach the level
at which negative feedback inhibition occurs in this cellular system than in
a non-tumor cellular system.

All these related observations may help understand the observed in
vitro inhibition of tumor growth by wpc where involvement of
systemic immuno-surveillance cannot be advocated. For example, the
addition of bovine milk whey to the culture medium of human breast
and prostate cancer cells results in a significant reduction of cells
growth. It is noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of these proteins is
manifest only after a 24-hour incubation27. What is particularly relevant is
the fact that the proteins in wpc such as serum albumin, alpha-lactalbumin
and lactoferrin with the largest concentration of cystine have been shown to
exert individually inhibition of tumor cells. When undenatured, these
proteins contain almost the same number of cystine residues per total amino
acid28,29.

Hence, in serum albumin, there are 17 cystine residues per 66,000 MW
molecule, and six glutamylcystine (Glu-Cys) dipeptides28; in lactoferrin, 17
cystine residues per 77,000 MW, and four Glu-Cys dipeptides29, and in
alpha-lactalbumin, four cystine residues per 14,000 MW molecule.28
Conversely, beta-lactoglobulin has only two cystine residues per 18,400 MW
molecule28, and IgG1, the predominant immunoglobulin in cow's milk serum,
only four disulphide bridges (cystine) per 166,000 MW molecule. Bovine serum
albumin inhibit in vitro the growth of the estrogen responsive human breast
cancer cell line30. Selective apoptosis (cell death) of human cancer cells
was obtained by incubation with a -lactalbumin31. This article received
great public recognition presumably because the title announced this effect
of a "human" milk protein with the             concomitant awareness that
breast-fed infant have lower incidence of             infection and
childhood cancers. Although it is true that a -lactalbumin is a predominant
protein in human milk (Table 1) it is also true that bovine wpc's contain
22%-24% alpha-lactalbumin and that most of the non bovine milk proteins are
homologous with the recognized families of those of bos taurus and this
includes a  -lactalbumins that are coded for by a single gene32. Lactoferrin
exhibit in tissue culture anti-tumor effect against human pancreatic cancer
cell line33. These three whey proteins have in common a similar relatively
high content of cysteine. Because of the above-described anti-tumor effect
of cysteine pro-drugs in vitro, it is reasonable to assume that the
anti-tumor effect exhibited in vitro by cysteine-rich whey proteins is also
related to their cysteine delivery potential. It appears thus, that cancer
cells normally down regulate and loose their GSH when facing natural or
synthetic cysteine delivery

systems. It was recently demonstrated that several sulfur-containing
antioxidants such as NAC and OTZ selectively induce p53-dependent
apoptosis in transformed but not in normal cells. In contrast,
antioxidants whose action is limited to scavenging radicals do not
seem to have this activity. This activity was found related to a  5-10 fold
induction of p53 protein and not to GSH formation34. Therefore, a natural
cysteine donor such a whey protein concentrate   (WPC) could also inhibit
tumors by directly increasing cellular thiol levels.

           Acknowledgments

The work performed by Dr. Gustavo Bounous was supported by the
Medical Research Council of Canada of which he was a career
Investigator from 1968 to 1993, the year of his retirement from
McGill University. The invaluable contribution of John H. Molson is

           gratefully acknowledged.

References:

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Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids. M. Friedman (Ed.). Boca Raton,
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analysis, and expression in the mammary gland. Biochem Biophys Res  Commun
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action via r 53-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res. 48: 1723-29, 1998.

Figure 1

     Results of Studies Demonstrating the Role of Specially Prepared
dietary wpcs on Tumor Growth

     Carcinogen was dimethylhydrazine-dihydrochloride (DMH), which induces
colon tumors similar to those found in humans (with regard to type of
lesions1 and response to chemotherapy2). The diets were fed before and
throughout the 24-weeks DMH-treatment period. No differential effect of diet
on body weight was seen.

Colon GSH  WPC Casein Meat 1.01 0.92 0.92

"... These findings confirmed and extended earlier observations of a
Canadian research group [Bounous et al, 1991] that also identified dairy
proteins, and whey protein in particular, as being protective against the
development of intestinal cancers induced by DMH."

Enker WE, Jacobitz JL. Experimental carcinogenesis of the colon induced

by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-dl HCL : Value as a model of human disease. J Surg
Res : 291, 1976

Corbett TH, Griswold DP, Roberts GJ, Peckham JC et al. Evaluation of

       single agents and combinations of chemotherapeutic agents in mouse
colon  carcinogenesis. Cancer 40 : 2650, 1977.

Table 1: Protein Composition of Cow's and Human Milk

            Composition (g/L)

  ProteinCow's MilkHuman MilkCystine/

           Molecule

           Casein263.20*

           Beta-lactoglobulin3.2Negligible2

           Alpha-lactalbumin1.22.84

           Serum albumin0.40.617

           Lactoferrin0.142.017

           Total cystine (mol/L)8.19 x 10-413.87 x 10-4

           Total cystine (mg/g of proteins)6.438.7

           *Casein has 0 to 2 cysteine/molecule.

Adapted from: Jennes R. Inter-species comparison of milk proteins. In:

     Developments in Dairy Chemistry-1. Fox W. (Ed.). ASP NY : 87, 1982;
and Eigel WN, Butler JE, Ernstrom CA, Farell HM et al. Nomenclature of

     proteins of cow's milk. J Dairy Sci 67 : 1599-631, 1984 - Fifth
revision.

CASE REPORTS

           Showing the Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC)1

           on urogenital malignancies Treatment Of Uterine Carcinoma In
Situ: A Case Report DANIEL MOREAU, M.D. F.R.C.S. (C) - (OBSTETRICS AND
GYNECOLOGY)

           Ottawa Civic Hospital - Canada

           M.A. DOB - September 13, 1962

On May 15, 1997, the specialist was consulted because the cytology
done by the family physician had revealed moderate displasia
compatible with human papilloma viral infection. An endocervical
curettage showed, on May 15, 1997, severe cellular displasia. On
February 9, 1998, the Pap test showed severe displasia. On April 30,
1998, severe displasia was still present on the Pap test. A cervical
curettage performed the same day, exhibited epithelial fragments
with severe displasia. On August 7, 1998, a curettage of the neck
demonstrated carcinoma in situ. The same procedure repeated on
September 10, 1998, confirmed the presence of carcinoma in situ. The
patient was advised of the possibility of an hysterectomy. Instead,
beginning November 1998, she took 20 g daily of a specially
prepared whey protein concentrate. On March 8, 1999, the cytology
showed "possibly atypical cells" and a biopsy of the neck and

On January 29, 1997 the lesion was excised. Cystoscopy was negative.
Pathological report demonstrated metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Chest x-ray was unremarkable. Pelvic ultrasound did not reveal any
pathology other than evidence of a previous hysterectomy. CT scan of the
abdomen on February 7, 1997 revealed a 10 x 8.6 x 10 cm mass of the left
kidney involving the upper pole with central necrosis extending into the
perirenal fat and lateral fascia. CT of the pelvis was normal. Bone scan was
normal. On March 11, 1997 the patient underwent a left radical nephrectomy.
The mass was found to adhere to the psoas muscle superiorly, but did not
involve the spleen or colon. No significant lymph adenopathy was noted in
the periaortic chain. The liver was noted to be             unremarkable and
there was no pelvic mass noted. Renal vein was             free. Nuclear
Grade was 2+4. Adrenal gland was benign. Lymph nodes             were
negative.

The vaginal wall tumor recurred following the initial excision. When
the patient underwent staging in August, 1997 a CT scan of the chest
demonstrated multiple scattered tiny peripheral pulmonary nodules
mainly seated in the lung bases with associated pretracheal and
right paratracheal adenopathy, most typical of pulmonary metastasis.
Also, two low density lesions involving both the right and left lobes of the
liver were suspicious for metastasis. Bone scan also revealed an area in the
right pelvis in the iliac bone medially near the SI joint that was
suspicious for metastatic disease. The patient declined the recommendation
for pelvic external beam radiation and also declined the chemotherapy
recommendation of Interferon, Interleukin and 5-FU.            Repeat
evaluation performed October 1997 and repeated in 1997 for CT scan of the
abdomen demonstrated liver metastasis increasing in number. CT scan of the
thorax demonstrated extensive mediastinal adenopathy and lung parenchyma
with multiple small nodules throughout both lung fields.            This
patient was again evaluated in April 1998 and the result was
progressive disease with enlarging size and number of nodules in the
liver and persistent extensive mediastinal adenopathy and pulmonary
nodules.  Because this patient was experiencing increasing metastatic
disease and a treatment plan could not be offered with any kind of
satisfactory prognosis this patient sought out other possible
treatment methods.

Therefore, in June, 1998 "a specifically prepared whey protein
concentrate treatment" was instituted. The patient took one pouch
(10 g) in the Am and two pouches in the PM. Within the first two
weeks of taking the whey protein concentrate the patient's nausea
had resolved. Also, the patient reported improved appetite and a
great improvement in her energy level. The CT scans of the abdomen and
thorax, in August, 1998,  demonstrated no significant changes in the lungs
and liver. Overall, the patient continued to improve clinically. In November
1998, a chest film demonstrated a decrease in the lung nodularity and no
further progression of the mediastinal adenopathy. In January 1999, a chest
film was performed and the lungs were free of opacities. In March 1999, the
patient experienced projectile vomiting and further studies were undertaken.
A CT scan of the abdomen demonstrated no bowel obstruction and the
metastatic lesions to the liver were diminished in size with increased
central necrosis. A CT scan of the pelvis was unremarkable, except for
status post left nephrectomy. An upper GI demonstrated absence of disease
except the suggestion of duodenitis. No further vomiting was experienced. CT
scan studies of the abdomen, thorax, pelvis and chest in July 1999 continued
to demonstrate resolution of pulmonary nodules and almost total resolution
of peritracheal and subcarinal adenopathy. The liver appeared stable with no
evidence of additional

abnormality. The November 1999 CT of the abdomen compared to the July 1999
report demonstrates a probable slight decrease in the appearance of the area
of the low density within the liver presumed to be sites of
metastatic disease. There were no new areas of metastatic disease
noted.  The CT of the pelvis was unremarkable and the follow up CT of the
chest remains clear of nodularity in the lung fields and no new
evidence of disease.

To date, this patient continues to live a full, active life and her only
treatment continues to be the "specifically prepared whey protein
concentrate".

A Prospective Study of the Effect of Specially Prepared Whey Protein

           Concentrate on the Progression of Cancer of the Prostate

JOHN M. ZABOROWSKI, M.D.  Physicians Care Center - Chicago, IL

           Objective: to test the hypothesis that by manipulating GSH
levels

thorough oral supplementation of specially prepared whey protein
concentrate, thus causing the conjugation of electrophylic
carcinogen(s) involved in the genesis of cancer of the prostate that
such manipulation may lead to the remission and/or destruction
(apoptosis) of the cancer cell(s) in the patient with prostate cancer.

           Methods: Otherwise healthy patients with elevated PSA and cancer
of the prostate were given specially prepared whey protein concentrate 10
grams twice a day. Each patient had an initial PSA and PSA while under
treatment. These patients were not on any drugs that would
interfere with PSA levels.

           Results:

Patient Age Start Date Finish Date Initial PSA Date Last PSA Date

                 JR653-5-2000Still on6.73-5-20004.44-8 -2000

                 ZR637-7-19991-18-200011.57-8-19991.612-29-1999

                 LD676-7-199910-4-19997.96-25-19997.610-5-1999

                 SK695-5-19998-31-199917.55-4-199915.98-31-1999

                 HS701-20-19996-9-19997.39-16-19986.76-9-1999

                 -"--"-1-19-2000Still on8.71-19-20007.54-5-2000

Of the 10 patients that I was able to isolate from my practice, 5
patients opted for surgical intervention. 3 showed initial improvement i.e.
a lowering of the PSA then dropped out of the study for various reasons.
The 2 remaining patients both responded positively. One had an
elevation of PSA higher then the initial PSA after stopping
supplementation for 2 months. After restarting supplementation, he

had a lower PSA than initial PSA after only 2 months of treatment.
Conclusion: further research on a larger population should be
conducted to validate these findings. All the patients had lower
PSA's with the administration of whey protein isolate
supplementation.

The fear of reliance of treatment by a natural product and pressure
to conform to the present standard treatment of CA of the Prostate
may have been the reason for the high drop out rate and poor
compliance in my patient population.

           * * * * * *

Whey Protein in the Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

           ROGER G. MAZLEN, M.D., F.A.C.N.

           Mount Sinai Medical School and Medical Center - New York

Case Study of a 77 year old male (J.) with metastatic carcinoma of

           the prostate with extensive bone metastases and localized spread
to the rectal area.

           1) Prior to entry into study

                 PSAFree PSA 8/9/98205.3-- (<4.01 mg/ml)

Treatment failure on standard therapies and treatment chemotherapy
discontinued due to cardiac toxicity. Only on predrisone 10 mg po
daily, 10/98. Multiple bone metastases present on CT scan on
10/02/98.

2) Began on WPC 10 gm OD 10/29/98  PSAFree PSA

                 11/20/9811.3511% ("Feels good")

                 01/9915--

Increased WPC dosage (20 gm a day)

           3) Began on WPC 20 gm OD 3/01/99

                 PSAFree PSA 3/9926.8-- 4/9927.7-- (Lupren IM)

                 5/9936.4-- (Cytoxan)

                 6/9952-- 7/9937--

                 8/9953-- (good energy)

11/29-12/10/99"misuse" of WPC Nov/Dec (in hot denaturing

water) Local radiation therapy to bone metastases

                 A total of 10 treatments

                 1/10/0068

                 1/18/00102.4 Resumed WPC in prescribed condition

                 3/14/0066Feels improved

Whey Protein in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer

           Patient: A.G. Male Age 74 years

           I Medical History

           BPH 1987

Prostate Cancer diagnosed 1993. Treated with radiotherapy, with a
left renal artery stent. Recent PSA 0.9  Renal Vascular Hypertension 1997

           Atrophic Right Kidney 1997