Sunday Times 15 January 2006
Cancer chemical found in coffee.
By Jon Ungoed-Thomas and Tom Baird

COFFEE is responsible for as much as a third of daily consumption of the
cancer-causing chemical acrylamide, research by the United Nations has found.

The study reveals that coffee may give those who drink it anything from
13% to 39% of the acrylamide they consume -only chips and crisps are
responsible for greater quantities on average.

Acrylamide is produced during cooking, particularly high-temperature
processes such as frying and roasting. Some of the highest levels are found
in chips, crisps, biscuits and bread, but it has now emerged that roasting
coffee beans also produces significant amounts.

"The original concern with acrylamide was related to french fries, chips and
crisps. Continued analysis of other food products has shown that they
contribute to overall exposure as well," said Dr Angelika
Tritscher, a scientist with the committee that conducted the study.

The new research has been carried out jointly by two UN agencies -the
World Health Organisation and the Food and Agriculture Organisation.
It uses data from 17 countries, including Britain, to build up a picture of
the amount of acrylamide consumed by people with a range of eating habits.
Those who consume fresh, boiled or steamed food generally consume far less
than people who eat fried or roasted meals.

Acrylamide has been used in industrial applications such as production of
water purifying chemicals since the 1950s. In 2002 Swedish researchers found
high levels in some foods. Experiments on laboratory animals have shown
acrylamide in large amounts can cause cancer and reproductive problems.

Since 2002 several studies have been undertaken into acrylamide in
food and its possible dangers, although not all experts agree it is hazardous
to people in the amounts usually consumed.

A report commissioned by the National Toxicology Program in America concluded:
"Considering the low level of estimated human exposure to acrylamides
(we have) negligible concern for adverse reproductive and developmental
effects."

The UN research will be discussed in April by the Codex Committee on Food
Additives and Contaminants, an international standards body.

The research does not assess the health risks of acrylamide, but a separate
series of studies is under way to investigate this. One of the largest studies
is a European Union project looking at possible links between the chemical
and breast cancer.

In Britain the Food Standards Agency is working with the EU and the food
industry on guidelines to help cut the level of acrylamide produced in
manufacturing.

The level of acrylamide in a cup of coffee depends on how strong it is and how
the beans are roasted. There is little difference between concentrations in
instant and ground coffee -both about 290 micrograms per kg -because the
chemical is a product of the roasting of the beans rather than any subsequent
processing.

The level of roasting makes a difference, however. Separate research has
established that acrylamide levels peak in medium-roast coffee, are lower in
the half-roast variety and drop off when beans become dark roast.

Many scientists in Britain say that until the risk posed by acrylamide can be
assessed with greater confidence it might make sense to consume as little as
possible.

"There is no doubt it (acrylamide) has been identified as carcinogenic in
animal models, so the best advice is precautionary, to minimise exposure,"
said Professor Vyvyan Howard of the school of biological sciences at Ulster
University.