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Two Dietary Oils, Two Sets of Benefits for Older Women with Diabetes

Newswise —
A study comparing how two common dietary oil supplements affect
body composition suggests that both oils, by themselves, can
lower body fat in obese postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes.

The two oils compared were safflower oil, a common cooking oil,
and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a compound naturally found
in some meat and dairy products that has been associated with
weight loss in previous studies.
Both are composed primarily of polyunsaturated fatty acids,
which are considered "good fats" that, when consumed in proper
quantities, are associated with a variety of health benefits.

In the study, 16 weeks of supplementation with safflower oil
reduced fat in the trunk area, lowered blood sugar and
increased muscle tissue in the women participants.

Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for the same length of
time, on the other hand, reduced total body fat and lowered
the women's body mass index (BMI), a common health measure of
weight relative to height.

All of the women in the study took one oil for 16 weeks, followed
by the other oil for an equal amount of time.
The participants were instructed not to change their diets or
exercise patterns over the course of the study so the research
would measure the effects of only the supplementation.

"Making this subtle change in the intake of high-quality dietary
fats in an effort to alter body composition is both achievable
and affordable to postmenopausal women in the United States who
are managing the difficult combination of obesity and diabetes,"
said Martha Belury, professor of human nutrition at Ohio State
University and senior author of the study.

Among the most surprising findings: that in 16 weeks, these women
could lose between about two pounds and four pounds of trunk fat
simply by taking safflower oil supplements.

"I never would have imagined such a finding.
This study is the first to show that such a modest amount of a
linoleic acid-rich oil may have a profound effect on body composition
in women," Belury said.
The dose of either oil taken each day was approximately 1 2/3
teaspoons.

Postmenopausal women tend to lose muscle at the same time that body
fat
accumulates toward their middle, so this research shows how dietary
oils
can complement lifestyle and medication in helping older diabetic
women
manage their health, she said.

The research appears online and is scheduled for later print
publication
in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

Thirty-five women participated in the study.
All were considered obese based on their BMI measures of 30 or
higher,
were postmenopausal but younger than age 70, and had Type 2 diabetes
but did not need to take insulin to treat the disease.
Many did take other medications, such as those used to manage blood
sugar levels, cholesterol or blood pressure.

The women were randomized into two groups to determine which
supplement they took first.
Each initial 16-week supplementation was followed by a four-week
washout period to remove the first supplement from their systems
before the next 16-week supplementation period began.
The supplements were contained in eight pills; the women took two
pills four times per day, at meals and bedtime.

"The power of the crossover is that it tells you the different
effects of the dietary oils in the same woman," Belury said.

The daily supplementation contained 6.4 grams of each oil's
active fatty acid: linoleic acid in safflower oil and, in CLA,
specific fatty acid isomers - compounds that share the same
chemical formula but differ in chemical structure.

The researchers used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, commonly
known as DXA and usually used to measure bone density, to
determine the women's baseline and follow-up lean mass and fat
throughout their bodies and specifically in their trunk region.

Researchers asked the participants to keep diet and activity
records for three consecutive days at four points over the course
of the study to account for the potential for calorie intake
or exercise to affect the results, Belury said.
Physical activity remained unchanged throughout the study, and
no significant differences were seen between the two groups'
reported calorie intake.

The study showed that CLA supplementation significantly decreased
body mass index and total body fat over both diet periods,
typically showing effects in the last half of each 16-week period.
The BMI levels of the women taking CLA dropped on average by about
half a point, and their total body fat decreased by an average of
3.2 percent, reducing the weight of the fat tissue by an average
of between 2.3 pounds and 3.5 pounds.

Safflower oil supplementation showed no effect on total body
fat readings, but reduced the weight of trunk fat tissue by between
2.6 pounds and 4.2 pounds, or an average of 6.3 percent.
It also increased lean tissue, or muscle, by between an average
of about 1.4 pounds and 3 pounds.

Safflower oil also lowered fasting blood sugar levels by between
11 and 19 points on average.
Blood sugar is considered normal if it falls below 110 milligrams
per deciliter; the women's average blood sugar levels ranged from
129 to 148 after 16 weeks of safflower oil supplementation.

"Lowering fasting glucose is important for these women.
The overall effect in just 16 weeks wasn't bringing them back to
normal, but safflower oil still improved it significantly," Belury
said.

The dietary oils did not have significant effects on other health
measurements, such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and
skinfold thickness measures of body fat, Belury noted.

The CLA also did not appear to affect the variety of hormones
involved in fat burning.
However, safflower oil increased a hormone called adiponectin.
Increasing this hormone may have instilled an improved ability to
burn dietary fats, said Belury, who hopes to investigate this
mechanism in a follow-up study.

Belury said that other work she is conducting in animals suggests
that at least in the case of CLA, the fatty acid appears to allow
the body to burn calories in a heat-producing way.
Questions remain about the long-term safety of any kind of
supplementation that lowers body fat, because some research has
suggested that the fat that leaves fat tissue ends up in the
liver or muscles - a condition that could lead to insulin
resistance and diabetes if that fat can't be used.

Neither CLA nor the linoleic acid in safflower oil is naturally
produced in the human body, so both must be obtained from food
or dietary supplements.
Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is important in
growth and maintenance of tissues and lipid metabolism.
The American Heart Association recently issued recommendations
suggesting that omega-6 fatty acids are among the polyunsaturated
fats that should be consumed for heart health.

CLA is found naturally in trace amounts primarily in beef,
lamb and milk, but obtaining levels comparable to those used
in Belury's study likely requires concentrated doses similar to
those found in dietary supplements.

"Essentially what we're trying to understand with nutrition is
how dietary approaches can complement Westernized medicine,"
Belury said.
"In an ideal world, we'd love it if women like those in our study
could use diet, activity and other aspects of a healthy lifestyle
to manage their health.
But most will probably be on oral medications for the rest of
their lives for managing their diabetes and metabolism, which is
fine as long as the medications work.
We think there's a chance that nutrition can complement medication
and help drugs work even better."

Co-authors on the study were Leigh Norris, Angela Collene,
Michelle Asp, Li-Fen Liu and Julia Richardson of Ohio State's
Department of Human Nutrition; Jason Hsu and Dongmei Li of
the Department of Statistics; Kwame Osei and Rebecca Jackson
of the Department of Internal Medicine's Division of
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism; and Doris Bell of
Cognis, provider of an unrestricted monetary gift and a dietary
oil donation for the research.

This work was supported by the National Center for Research
Resources, Ohio State's Clinical Research Center, the National
Institutes of Health and the Caroline S. Kennedy endowment,
which funds Belury's professorship.
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© 2009 Newswise.  All Rights Reserved.

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