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Vindication! Troublesome appendix has function
Researchers think organ produces, protects good germs
Associated Press
Saturday, October 6, 2007

WASHINGTON -- Some scientists think they have figured out the real job
of the troublesome and seemingly useless appendix: It produces and
protects good germs for your gut.

That's the theory from surgeons and immunologists at Duke University
Medical School, published online in a scientific journal this week.

For generations the appendix has been dismissed as superfluous.
Doctors figured it had no function. Surgeons removed them routinely.
People ive fine without them.

And when infected the appendix can turn deadly. It gets inflamed
quickly and some people die if it isn't removed in time. Two years
ago, 321,000 Americans were hospitalized with appendicitis, according
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The function of the appendix seems related to the massive amount of
bacteria populating the human digestive system, according to the study
in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. There are more bacteria than
human cells in the typical body. Most of it is good and helps digest
food.

But sometimes the flora of bacteria in the intestines die or are
purged. Diseases such as cholera or amoebic dysentery would clear the
gut of useful bacteria. The appendix's job is to reboot the digestive
system in that case.

The appendix "acts as a good safe house for bacteria," said Duke
surgery professor Bill Parker, a study co-author. Its location -- just
below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine
in a sort of gut cul-de-sac -- helps support the theory, he said.

Also, the worm-shaped organ outgrowth acts like a bacteria factory,
cultivating the good germs, Parker said.

That use is not needed in a modern industrialized society, Parker
said. If a person's gut flora dies, they can usually repopulate it
easily with germs they pick up from other people, he said. But before
dense populations in modern times and during epidemics of cholera that
affected a whole region, it wasn't as easy to grow back that bacteria
and the appendix came in handy.

In less developed countries, where the appendix may be still useful,
the rate of appendicitis is lower than in the U.S., other studies have
shown, Parker said.

He said the appendix may be another case of an overly hygienic society
triggering an overreaction by the body's immune system.

Even though the appendix seems to have a function, people should still
have them removed when they are inflamed because it could turn deadly,
Parker said. About 300 to 400 Americans die of appendicitis each year,
according to the CDC.

Five scientists not connected with the research said that the Duke
theory makes sense and raises interesting questions.

The idea "seems by far the most likely" explanation for the function
of the appendix, said Brandeis University biochemistry professor
Douglas Theobald. "It makes evolutionary sense."

**The theory led Gary Huffnagle, a University of Michigan internal
medicine and microbiology professor, to wonder about the value of
another body part that is often yanked: "I'll bet eventually we'll
find the same sort of thing with the tonsils."**

(c) 2008 The E.W. Scripps Co.