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Selected Studies on the Toxicity of Thimerosal Published in Peer Reviewed
Scientific and Medical Journals

     (With Links to the National Library of Medicine for Complete Abstracts
and to Order Copies of Complete Articles with Loansome Doc)

     TABLE OF CONTENTS

     A.    Toxic Effects of Thimerosal on Vital Mammalian Enzymes

     B.    Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by Thimerosal Exposure

     C.    Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Thimerosal

     D.    Allergic Responses to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Opthalmics

     E.    Thimerosal Exposure from Vaccines

          "Last summer a goal was set for the removal or significant
reduction of thimerosal as a preservative from all vaccines routinely
administered to children in the first year of life. While the risk of harm
from this source was only theoretical, the decision to set a goal to remove
thimerosal was made as a precautionary measure."   Testimony of Roger H.
Bernier, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Director for Science, National
Immunization Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the
Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives, July 18, 2000
(see CDC Testimony).
                After reading all of the published studies below on the
toxicity of thimerosal, one has to wonder upon what data the CDC based its
conclusion that thimerosal laden vaccines posed only a theoretical risk of
harm.
                Note: Virtually of all of these studies were published
before July 18, 2000.

     A.    Toxic Effects of Thimerosal on Vital Mammalian Enzymes and
Enzyme Systems

          Inhibitory action of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl oxidant, on sodium
channels in rat sensory neurons. Song J, Jang YY, Shin YK, Lee MY, Lee C.
Brain Res (2000). May 2; 864(1):105-13. (10793192)
          Rat brain (Na+-K+)ATPase: modulation of its oubain-sensitive
K+-PNPPase activity by thimerosal. Lewis and Bowler (1983). Int. J. Biochem.
15:5-7. (6298022)
          Modified cation activation of the (Na+K+)-ATPase following
treatment with thimerosal. Kaplan and Mone (1985). Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
237:386-395.   (2983612)
          The effects of organic and inorganic mercuric salts on
(Na+K+)ATPase in different cerebral fractions in control and intrauterine
growth-retarded rats: alterations induced by serotonin. Chanez et al.,
(1989). Neurotoxicology 10:699-706. (2562765t)
          Kinetics of merthiolate-induced aggregation of human platelets.
Vrzheshch et al., (1992). Thromb. Res. 67:505-516. (1448785)
          The effects of thimerosal on calcium uptake and inositol
1,4,5-triphosphate-induced calcium release in cerebellar microsomes. Sayers
et al., (1993). Biochem. J. 289:883-887. (8435083)
          The effects of thimerosal and cyclopiazonic acid on the
Ca(2+)-pumps from rat cerebellum microsomes. Michelangeli F, DaSilva A,
Sayers L, Brown G. Biochem Soc Trans (1992) May; 20(2):205S (1327911)
          Thimerosal interacts with the Ca2+ release channel ryanodine
receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Abramson et al.,
(1995). J. Biol. Chem. 270:29644-29647.   (8530347)
          Effect of thimerosal and other sulfhydryl reagents on calcium
permeability in thymus lymphocytes. Pintado et al., (1995). Biochem.
Pharmacol. 49:227-232. (7840800)
          Thimerosal induces calcium mobilization, fructose
2,6-bisphosphate synthesis and cytoplasmic alkalinization in rat thymus
lymphocytes. Martin F, Gualberto A, Sobrino F, Pintado E. Biochim Biophys
Acta (1991) Jan 10; 1091(1):110-4. (1995061)
          Increased expression of procoagulant activity on the surface of
human platelets exposed to heavy metal compounds. Goodwin et al., (1995).
Biochem. J. 308:15-21. (7755558)
          Effects of thimerosal, an organic sulfhydryl modifying agent, on
serotonin transport activity into rabbit blood platelets. Nishio et al.,
(1996). Neurochem. Int. 29:391-394. (8939447)
          Effects of thimerosal on the transient kinetics of inositol
1,4,5-triphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from cerebellar microsomes. Mezna
and Michelangeli (1997). Biochem. J. 325:177-182. (9224644)
          The effects of thimerosal on the purified InsP3 receptor. Mezna
M, Longland CL, Michelangeli F. Biochem Soc Trans (1998). Aug;26(3):S290.
(9766009)
          Effects of thiol-modifying agents on a K(Ca2+) channel of
intermediate conductance in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Cai and Sauve
(1997). J. Membr. Biol. 158:147-158. (9230092)
          Thimerosal: a versatile sulfhydryl reagent, calcium mobilizer,
and cell function-modulating agent. Elferink (1999). Gen. Pharmacol. 33:1-6.
(10428009)
          Cardiac ryanodine receptor activity is altered by oxidizing
reagents in either the luminal or cytoplasmic solution. Eager and Dulhunty
(1999). J. Membr. Biol. 167:205-214. (9929372)
          The effect of thimerosal on neutrophil migration: a comparison
with the effect on calcium mobilization and CD11b expression. Elferink JG,
de Koster BM. Biochem Pharmacol (1998) Feb 1;55(3):305-12. (9484796)
          Modulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen et al., (1999).
Cell Calcium 25:107-114. (11274965)
          Modulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen S, Sipma H,
Missiaen L, De Smedt H, De Smet P, Casteels R, Parys JB. Cell Calcium (1999)
Feb; 25(2):107-14. (10326677)
          Thimerosal enhances agonist-specific differences between [Ca2+]i
oscillations induced by phenylephrine and ATP in single rat hepatocytes.
Green et al., (1999). Cell Calcium 25:173-178. (10326684)
          Inhibition of the human erythrocytic glutathione-S-transferase T1
(GST T1) by thimerosal. Muller M, Westphal G, Vesper A, Bunger J, Hallier E.
Int J Hyg Environ Health (2001) Jul; 203(5-6):479-81 (11556154&)
          The effects of oxidizing and cysteine-reactive reagents on the
inward rectifier potassium channels Kir2.3 and Kir1.1. Bannister JP, Young
BA, Main MJ, Sivaprasadarao A, Wray D. Pflugers Arch (1999) Nov;
438(6):868-78. (10591077)

     B.    Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by Thimerosal Exposure

          Analysis of nine known or suspected spindle poisons for mitotic
chromosome malsegregation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M. Albertini S
(1990). Mutagenesis 6:65-70. (2263203)
          Effects of 10 known or suspected spindle poisons in the in vitro
porcine brain tubulin assembly assay. Brunner et al., (1991). Mutagenesis
6:65-70. (2038274)
          In vitro studies with nine known or suspected spindle poisons:
results in tests for chromosome malsegregation in Aspergillus
nidulans.Crebelli et al.,  (1991). Mutagenesis 6:131-136. (2056914)
          The detection and assessment of the aneugenic potential of
environmental chemicals: the European Community Aneuploidy Project. Parry
and Sors. (1993).Mutat Res 287:3-15. (7683383)
          Effects of potential anueploidy inducing agents on microtubule
assembly in vitro. Wallin and Hartley-Asp (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:17-22.
(7683380)
          An evaluation of the use of in vitro tubulin polymerization,
fungal and wheat assays to detect the activity of potential chemical
aneugens. Parry (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:23-28. (7683381)
          A comparison of two in vitro mammalian cell cytogenetic assays
for the detection of mitotic aneuploidy using 10 known or suspected
aneugens. Warr et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:29-46. (7683382)
          Induction of mitotic aneuploidy using Chinese hamster primary
embryonic cells. Test results of 10 chemicals. Natarajan et al., (1993).
Mutat. Res. 287:47-56. (7683384)
          C-mitosis and numerical chromosome aberration analyses in human
lymphocytes: 10 known or suspected spindle poisons.  Sbrana et al., (1993).
Mutat. Res. 287:57-70.   (7683385)
          The cytochalasin-B micronucleus/kinetochore assay in vitro.:
studies with 10 suspected aneugens. Lynch and Parry (1993). Mutat. Res.
287:71-86. (7683386)
          An overview of the results of testing of known or suspected
aneugens using mammalian cells in vivo. Natarajan (1993).Mutat. Res.
287:113-118. (7683377)
          In vivo studies on chemically induced anueploidy in mouse somatic
and germinal cells. Leopardi et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:119-130.
(7683378)
          Synopsis of the in vivo results obtained with the 10 known or
suspected aneugens tested in the CEC collaborative study. Adler (1993).
Mutat. Res. 287:131-137. (7683379)
          Micronucleus test and metaphase analyses in mice exposed to known
and suspected spindle poisons. Marrazzini et al., (1994). Mutagenesis
9:505-515. (7854141)

     C.    Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Thimerosal

          Stimulation by thimerosal of histamine-induced Ca(2+) release in
intact HeLa cells seen with aequorin targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Montero M, Barrero MJ, Torrecilla F, Lobaton CD, Moreno A, Alvarez J. Cell
Calcium (2001) Sep; 30(3):181-90. (11508997)
          Modulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding to the various
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor isoforms by thimerosal and cyclic
ADP-ribose. Vanlingen et al., (2001) Biochemical Pharmacology 61:803-809.
(11274965)
          Thimerosal: a versatile sulfhydryl reagent, calcium mobilizer,
and cell function-modulating agent. Elferink JG (1999). Gen Pharmacol
33:1-6. (10428009)
          Thimerosal enhances agonist-specific differences between [Ca2+]i
oscillations induced by phenylephrine and ATP in single rat hepatocytes.
Green AK, Cobbold PH, Dixon CJ (1999). Cell Calcium  25:173-8. (10326684)
          Modulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen S, Sipma H,
Missiaen L, De Smedt H, De Smet P, Casteels R, Parys JB (1999). Cell Calcium
25:107-14. (10326677)
          Effects of thimerosal on the transient kinetics of inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from cerebellar microsomes. Mezna
M, Michelangeli F (1997). Biochem J  325:177-82. (9224644)
          Effects of thimerosal, an organic sulfhydryl modifying agent, on
serotonin transport activity into rabbit blood platelets. Nishio H, Nezasa
K, Hirano J, Nakata Y (1996). Neurochem Int  29:391-6. (8939447)
          Thimerosal-induced Ca2+ mobilization in isolated guinea pig
cochlear outer hair cells. Chen L, Harada N, Yamashita T (1998). Acta
Otolaryngol Suppl 539:28-33. (10095857)
          Phosphatidylserine synthesis in glioma C6 cells is inhibited by
Ca2+ depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum: effects of
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and thimerosal. Wiktorek M, Sabala P, Czarny
M, Baranska J (1996). Biochem Biophys Res Commun  224:645-50. (8713102)
          Thimerosal interacts with the Ca2+ release channel ryanodine
receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Abramson JJ, Zable AC,
Favero TG, Salama G (1995). J Biol Chem  270:29644-7. (8530347)
          Thimerosal increases the responsiveness of the calcium receptor
in human parathyroid and rMTC6-23 cells. Mihai R, Lai T, Schofield G,
Farndon JR (1999). Cell Calcium  26:95-101. (10598273)
          Effect of thimerosal and other sulfhydryl reagents on calcium
permeability in thymus lymphocytes. Pintado E, Baquero-Leonis D, Conde M,
Sobrino F (1995). Biochem Pharmacol  49:227-32. (7840800)
          Effect of thimerosal on cytosolic calcium and phosphatidylserine
synthesis in Jurkat T cells. Pelassy C, Breittmayer JP, Ticchioni M, Aussel
C (1994). Int J Biochem   26:93-6. (8138053)
          Reversible blockade of the calcium-activated nonselective cation
channel in brown fat cells by the sulfhydryl reagents mercury and
thimerosal. Koivisto A, Siemen D, Nedergaard J  (1993). Pflugers Arch
425:549-51. (7510880)
          Thimerosal induced changes of intracellular calcium in human
endothelial cells. Gericke M, Droogmans G, Nilius B (1993). Cell Calcium
14:201-7. (8500136)
          The effects of thimerosal on calcium uptake and inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release in cerebellar microsomes. Sayers
LG, Brown GR, Michell RH, Michelangeli F (1993). Biochem J  289:883-7
(8435083)
          The effects of thimerosal and cyclopiazonic acid on the
Ca(2+)-pumps from rat cerebellum microsomes. Michelangeli F, DaSilva A,
Sayers L, Brown G (1992). Biochem Soc Trans  20:205S.   (1327911)
          The thiol reagent, thimerosal, evokes Ca2+ spikes in HeLa cells
by sensitizing the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Bootman MD, Taylor
CW, Berridge MJ (1992). J Biol Chem  267:25113-9. (1334081)
          Cytosolic Ca2+ spikes evoked by the thiol reagent thimerosal in
both intact and internally perfused single pancreatic acinar cells. Thorn P,
Brady P, Llopis J, Gallacher DV, Petersen OH (1992). Pflugers Arch
422:173-8. (1336850)
          Effect of the sulfhydryl reagent thimerosal on cytosolic free
Ca2+ and membrane potential of thymocytes. Gukovskaya AS, Trepakova ES,
Zinchenko VP, Korystov YN, Bezuglov VV (1992). Biochim Biophys Acta
1111:65-74. (1390866)
          Thimerosal blocks stimulated but not basal release of
endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in dog isolated coronary artery.
Crack P, Cocks T (1992). Br J Pharmacol  107:566-72.   (1384915)
          Thimerosal induces calcium mobilization, fructose
2,6-bisphosphate synthesis and cytoplasmic alkalinization in rat thymus
lymphocytes. Martin F, Gualberto A, Sobrino F, Pintado E (1991). Biochim
Biophys Acta  1091:110-4. (1995061)
          Involvement of calcium in the thimerosal-stimulated formation of
leukotriene by fMLP in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Hatzelmann A,
Haurand M, Ullrich V (1990). Biochem Pharmacol  39:559-67. (2154987)
          The effect of thimerosal on neutrophil migration: a comparison
with the effect on calcium mobilization and CD11b expression. Elferink JG,
de Koster BM (1998). Biochem Pharmacol  55:305-12. (9484796)
          Enhancement of eicosanoid synthesis in mouse peritoneal
macrophages by the organic mercury compound thimerosal. Kaever V,
Goppelt-Strube M, Resch K (1988). Prostaglandins  35:885-902. (3141973)
          The sulfhydryl reagent thimerosal elicits human platelet
aggregation by mobilization of intracellular calcium and secondary
prostaglandin endoperoxide formation. Hecker M, Brune B, Decker K, Ullrich V
(1989). Biochem Biophys Res Commun  159:961-8 (2495003)
          Platelet aggregation by thimerosal: role of ADP and SH groups.
Leone G, Boni P, Vincenti A (1976). Thromb Haemost 35:249-57. (989191)
          Increased expression of procoagulant activity on the surface of
human platelets exposed to heavy-metal compounds. Goodwin CA, Wheeler-Jones
CP, Namiranian S, Bokkala S, Kakkar VV, Authi KS, Scully MF (1995) Biochem J
308:15-21. (7755558)
          Thimerosal modulates the agonist-specific cytosolic Ca2+
oscillatory patterns in single pancreatic acinar cells of mouse. Wu J, Takeo
T, Kamimura N, Wada J, Suga S, Hoshina Y, Wakui M (1996). FEBS Lett
390:149-52. (8706847)
          The effects of thimerosal on the purified InsP3 receptor. Mezna
M, Longland CL, Michelangeli F (1998). Biochem Soc Trans  26:S290. (9766009)
          Fertilisation and thimerosal stimulate similar calcium spiking
patterns in mouse oocytes but by separate mechanisms. Cheek et al., (1993).
Development 119:179-189.   (8275854)
          The thiol reagent, thimerosal induces intracellular calcium
oscillations in mature human oocytes. Herbert M, Murdoch AP, Gillespie JI
(1995). Hum Reprod  10:2183-6. (8567870)
          Sperm, inositol trisphosphate, and thimerosal-induced
intracellular Ca2+ elevations in rabbit eggs. Fissore RA, Robl JM (1993).
Dev Biol  159:122-30.   (8365556)
          The effects of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl reagent, on phasic
myometrial contractions. Phillippe M (1995). Biochem Biophys Res Commun
211:1-6. (7539999)
          Effects of protein kinase C activation and inhibition on sperm-,
thimerosal-, and ryanodine-induced calcium responses of human oocytes. Sousa
M, Barros A, Mendoza C, Tesarik J (1996). Mol Hum Reprod  2:699-708.
(9239685)
          Complete activation of porcine oocytes induced by the sulfhydryl
reagent, thimerosal. Machaty Z, Wang WH, Day BN, Prather RS (1997). Biol
Reprod   57:1123-7. (9369179)
          Calcium release and subsequent development induced by
modification of sulfhydryl groups in porcine oocytes. Machaty Z, Wang WH,
Day BN, Prather RS (1999). Biol Reprod  60:1384-91. (10330097)
          Time course of cortical and zona reactions of pig oocytes upon
intracellular calcium increase induced by thimerosal. Wang WH, Machaty Z,
Abeydeera LR, Prather RS, Day BN (1999). Zygote  7:79-86. (10216920)
          Intracellular calcium responses in bovine oocytes induced by
spermatozoa and by reagents. Nakada K, Mizuno J (1998). Theriogenology
50:269-82. (10734495)
          Possible mechanisms regulating ATP- and thimerosal-induced Ca(2+)
oscillations in the HSY salivary duct cell line. Tojyo Y, Tanimura A, Nezu
A, Morita T. Biochim Biophys Acta (2001) May 28; 1539(1-2):114-21.
(11389973)
          Thiol-reactive agents biphasically regulate inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate binding and Ca(2+) release activities in bovine adrenal
cortex microsomes. Poirier SN, Poitras M, Laflamme K, Guillemette G.
Endocrinology (2001) Jun; 142(6):2614-21. (11356712)
          Calcium transient activity in cultured murine neural crest cells
is regulated at the IP(3) receptor. Carey MB, Matsumoto SG. Brain Res (2000)
Apr 17; 862(1-2):201-10. (10799686)
          Inhibition of Ca2+-activated and voltage-dependent K+ currents by
2-mercaptophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in pituitary GH3 cells: contribution to
its antiproliferative effect. Huang MH, Wu SN, Chen CP, Shen AY. Life Sci
(2002) Jan 25; 70(10):1185-203. (11848302)
          Sulfhydryl oxidation overrides Mg(2+) inhibition of
calcium-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle triads. Donoso P, Aracena
P, Hidalgo C. Biophys J (2000) Jul; 79(1):279-86. (10866954)

     D.    Allergic Responses to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Opthalmics

          Thimerosal in the detection of clinically relevant allergic
contact reactions. Suneja T, Belsito DV. J Am Acad Dermatol (2001) Jul;
45(1):23-7. (11423830)
          Thiomersal allergy and vaccination reactions. Cox and Forsyth
(1988). Contact Dermatitis 18:229-233.  (3378430)
          Multicenter survey related to the frequency of positive patch
tests with mercury and thiomersal. Lachapelle et al., (1988). Ann. Dermatol.
Venereol. 115:793-796. (3378430)
          Thimerosal: a hidden allergen in opthalmology. Tosti and Tosti
(1988). Contact Dermatitis 18:268-273.  (3416589)
          Hyposensitizing therapy with standard antigenic extracts: an
important source of thimerosal sensitization. Tosti A, Guerra L, Bardazzi F.
Contact Dermatitis (1989) Mar; 20(3):173-6. (2721183)
          Thiomersal: a frequent cause of sensitization. Tosti A, Melino M,
Bardazzi F, Bonelli U. G Ital Dermatol Venereol (1987) Oct; 122(10):543-5.
(2965103)
          Systemic reactions due to thiomersal. Tosti A, Melino M, Bardazzi
F. Contact Dermatitis (1986) Sep; 15(3):187-8. (2946540)
          Toxic effects of opthalmic preservatives on cultured rabbit
corneal epithelium. Simmons et al., (1988). Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt.
65:867-873. (3252733)
          Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of opthalmic solution preservatives
and UVA radiation in L5178Y cells. Withrow et al., (1989). Photochem.
Photobiol. 50:385-389.   (2780830)
          Reactions to thimerosal in hepatitis B vaccines. Rietschel and
Adams (1990). Dermatol. Clin. 8:161-164. (2137393)
          Prevalence and relevance of allergic reactions in patients patch
tested in North America--1984 to 1985. Storrs FJ, Rosenthal LE, Adams RM,
Clendenning W, Emmett EA, Fisher AA, Larsen WG, Maibach HI, Rietschel RL,
Schorr WF, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 Jun; 20(6):1038-45. (2754054
          Patch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects. Seidenari et
al., (1990). Contact Dermatitis 23:162-167.  (2282794)
          Contact sensitization in children. Manzini BM, Ferdani G,
Simonetti V, Donini M, Seidenari S. Pediatr Dermatol (1998).
Jan-Feb;15(1):12-7. (9496796)
          Contact sensitization to thimerosal in healthy subjects Seidenari
S, Manzini BM, Modenese M, Danese P. G Ital Dermatol Venereol (1989)
Jul-Aug; 124(7-8):335-9. (2534118)
          A probable role for vaccines containing thimerosal in thimerosal
hypersensitivity. Osawa et al., (1991). Contact Dermatitis 24:178-182.
(1868700)
          Cytotoxicity of opthalmic preservatives on human corneal
epithelium. Tripathi et al., (1992). Lens Eye Toxic Res. 9:361-375.
(1301792)
          Ethylmercuric chloride: the responsible agent in thimerosal
hypersensitivity. Pirker et al., (1993). Contact Dermatitis 29:152-154.
(8222628)
          Thimerosal induces toxic reaction in non-sensitized animals.
Uchida et al., (1994). Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 104:296-301. (7518269)
          Frequency of sensitization to 13 common preservatives in
Switzerland. Swiss Contact Dermititis Research Group. Perrenoud et al.,
(1994). Contact Dermatitis 30:276-279.   (8088140)
          Sensitization to thimerosal (Merthiolate) is still present today.
van 't Veen and van Joost (1994). Contact Dermatitis 31:293-298.  (7867326)
          Source and clinical significance of allergy for thiomersal, an
organic mercury compound] van 't Veen AJ, van Joost T. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd
(1996) Feb 10; 140(6):297-300. (8720702)
          Sensitization to thimerosal and previous vaccination. Schafer et
al., (1995). Contact Dermatitis 32:114-116.  (7758313)
          Epidemiology of contact allergy in adults. Schafer T, Bohler E,
Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Filipiak B, Wichmann HE, Ring J. Allergy
(2001) Dec; 56(12):1192-6. (11736749)
          Hypersensitivity to thimerosal: the sensitizing moiety. Goncalo
et al., (1996). Contact Dermatitis 34:201-203.  (8833465)
          Allergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of
the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC). Goncalo S, Goncalo M,
Azenha A, Barros MA, Bastos AS, Brandao FM, Faria A, Marques MS, Pecegueiro
M, Rodrigues JB, et al. Contact Dermatitis (1992) Feb; 26(2):112-5.
(1633701)
          Contact allergy in patients with periorbital eczema: an analysis
of allergens. Data recorded by the Information Network of the Departments of
Dermatology. Ockenfels et al., (1997). Dermatology 195:119-124. (9310716)
          Thimerosal positives: the role of SH groups and divalent ions.
Santucci et al., (1998). Contact Dermatitis 39:123-126.  (9771985)
          Thimerosal positivities: patch testing to methylmercury chloride
in subjects sensitive to ethylmercury chloride. Santucci B, Cannistraci C,
Cristaudo A, Camera E, Picardo M. Contact Dermatitis 1999 Jan;40(1):8-13.
(9928798)
          Thimerosal positivities: the role of organomercury alkyl
compounds.  Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Cristaudo A, Camera E, Picardo M.
Contact Dermatitis (1998) Jun; 38(6):325-8. (9687031)
          Thimerosal positivities. Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Camera E,
Cristaudo A, Picardo M. Contact Dermatitis (1996) Dec; 35(6):366-7.
(9118636)
          Contact dermatitis in children: 6 years experience (1992-1997).
Romaguera and Vilaplana (1998). Contact Dermatitis 39:277-280.  (9874017)
          Sensitization to thimerosal in atopic children. Patrizi et al.,
(1999). Contact Dermatitis 40:94-97.  (10048654)
          Reactions to vaccinations against tetanus and tick-borne
encephalitis caused by merthiolate (thiomersal). Lindemayr H, Drobil M,
Ebner H. Hautarzt (1984) Apr; 35(4):192-6. (6724907)
          Merthiolate hypersensitivity and vaccination. Forstrom L,
Hannuksela M, Kousa M, Lehmuskallio E. Contact Dermatitis (1980) Jun;
6(4):241-5. (6447032)

     E.    Thimerosal Exposure from Vaccines

          Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in
preterm infants. Stajich GV, Lopez GP, Harry SW, Sexson WR. J Pediatr (2000)
May; 136(5):679-81. (10802503)
          Vaccines without thiomersal: why so necessary, why so long
coming? van't Veen AJ. Drugs (2001); 61(5):565-72. (11368282)
          Predicted mercury concentrations in hair from infant
immunizations: cause for concern. Redwood L, Bernard S, Brown D.
Neurotoxicology (2001) Oct; 22(5):691-7.  (11770890)
          Autism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Bernard S, Enayati A,
Redwood L, Roger H, Binstock T. Med Hypotheses (2001) Apr; 56(4):462-71.
(11339848)
          The 2002 recommended childhood immunization schedule and progress
toward elimination of thimerosal. Zimmerman RK. Am Fam Physician (2002) Jan
1; 65(1):127-8. (11804439)

          From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Impact of
the 1999 AAP/USPHS Joint Statement on Thimerosal in Vaccines on Infant
Hepatitis B Vaccination Practices. American Academy of Pediatrics/U.S.
Public Health Service. JAMA (2001). Mar 28; 285(12):1568-70. (11302135)

          Impact of the 1999 AAP/USPHS joint statement on thimerosal in
vaccines on infant hepatitis B vaccination practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep (2001). Feb 16; 50(6):94-7. (11263794)

          Thiomersal in vaccines: is removal warranted? Clements CJ, Ball
LK, Ball R, Pratt RD. Drug Saf (2001); 24(8):567-74. (11480489)

          Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury, including its presence as
a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products. Magos L. J Appl
Toxicol (2001). Jan-Feb; 21(1):1-5. (11180274)

          The three modern faces of mercury. Clarkson TW. Environ Health
Perspect (2002). Feb; 110 Suppl 1:11-23. (11834460)

          Route of decomposition of thiomersal (thimerosal). Tan M, Parkin
JE. Int J Pharm (2000). Nov 4; 208(1-2):23-34. (11064208)

          Report finds no link between thimerosal and neurodevelopmental
disorders. Frankish H. Lancet (2001). Oct 6; 358 (9288):1163. (11597681)

          Impact of the Joint Statement by the American Academy of
Pediatrics/US Public Health Service on thimerosal in vaccines on hospital
infant hepatitis B vaccination practices. Hurie MB, Saari TN, Davis JP.
Pediatrics (2001). Apr; 107(4):755-8. (11335754)

          Summary of the joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines.
American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics,
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Public Health Service. MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2000). Jul 14; 49(27):622, 631. (10914930)

          An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines. Ball LK,
Ball R, Pratt RD. Pediatrics (2001). May; 107(5):1147-54. (11331700)

          Effect of thimerosal recommendations on hospitals' neonatal
hepatitis B vaccination policies. Brayden RM, Pearson KA, Jones JS, Renfrew
BL, Berman S. J Pediatr (2001). May; 138(5):752-5. (11343056)

          Preservative-free influenza vaccine. Banzhoff A, Schwenke C,
Febbraro S. Immunol Lett (2000) Feb 1; 71(2):91-6. (10714435)

          Thiomersal in gammaglobulins for pregnant travelers may not be
safe for the fetus. van Ken WG. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (1999). Sep 18;
143(38):1934-5. (10526626)

          Thiomersal in gammaglobulin for pregnant travellers may not be
safe for the fetus. National Coordination Center for Travel Advisory.
Schilthuis HJ, van Wijnen JH. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (1999). Jul 31;
143(31):1622. (10488375)