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Medical Forum / General / Alternative / May 2005

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TV 'increases child obesity risk'

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Roman Bystrianyk - 20 May 2005 00:38 GMT
"TV 'increases child obesity risk'", BBC News, May 19, 2005,
Link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4562879.stm

Three-year-old children who watch more than eight hours of TV a week
are at a higher risk of obesity, a study says.

TV watching was one of eight factors, including lack of sleep and
parental obesity, identified as having an effect on developing obesity
by aged seven.

University of Glasgow and Bristol researchers said the findings
supported the theory that early life environment could determine
obesity.

The study of 9,000 children appeared in the British Medical Journal.

Child obesity levels have shot up in recent years.

Among two to four-year-olds obesity has doubled since the early 1990s,
while the rate has trebled for six to 15-year-olds.

The eight key factors identified by the researchers were:

* Birth weight
* Parental obesity
* Over eight hours of TV a week at age three
* Short sleep duration - less than 10.5 hours per night at age three
* Size in early life - measured at eight and 18 months
* Rapid weight gain in the first year of life
* Rapid catch-up growth up to two years of age
* Early development of body fatness in pre-school years - before the
age at which body fat should be increasing

Researchers said the way these factors might increase risk were
complex.

Parental obesity, for example, may increase the risk through genetics,
or by shared family experience, such as food intake.

And TV watching at aged three - although the risk could easily apply to
other ages in the early years - could have an effect either through
lack of exercise, or eating more.

Children who slept longer were likely to be more physically active,
they added.

Lifestyle 'key'

The authors said a lot of interventions to prevent obesity had been
unsuccessful so far.

But they added: "Future interventions might focus on environment
changes targeted at relatively short periods in early life, attempting
to modify factors during pregnancy, in infancy, or in early childhood,
which are independently related to later risk of obesity."

Professor Tony Barnett, head of the University of Birmingham's diabetes
and obesity group, said the findings were to be entirely expected.

"There are some genetic factors which play a role, but the basic
message is that it is the environment.

"The rise in obesity we have seen in recent years cannot be down to
genes."

And Dr Ian Campbell, president of the National Obesity Forum, added:
"What we have got to convince parents is that environmental factors are
important to make sure their children do not become obese.

"They must stop them watching TV and playing computer games all the
time - these lifestyle factors are key."
rashy - 24 May 2005 12:43 GMT
 Thank for this contribution. I am doing a research project on health
and fast food for my access to health course and i had not thought of
the TV angle. Thanks again.
Roman Bystrianyk - 24 May 2005 13:00 GMT
Here is a study for your consideration.  Have a great day.

http://www.healthsentinel.com/briefs.php?event=briefs_print_list_item&id=28&titl
e=Television%20and%20Children


Jeffrey G. Johnson, Patricia Cohen, Elizabeth M. Smailes, Stephanie
Kasen, and Judith S. Brook, "Television viewing and aggressive behavior
during adolescence and adulthood", Science, March 29, 2002, Vol. 295,
Num. 0, pp. 2468-2471

"Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a
17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a
significant association between the amount of time spent watching
television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of
subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained
significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect,
family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and
psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically."

"Three to five violent acts are depicted in an average hour of
prime-time television and 20 to 25 violent acts are depicted in an
average hour of children's television. Research has indicated that
viewing television violence is associated with aggressive behavior.
However, important questions regarding the nature and direction of this
association remain unanswered. Several theories hypothesize that
television violence contributes to the development of aggressive
behavior. An alternative hypothesis is that some or all of the
association is due to a preference of violent television programs among
aggressive individuals. Research has provided support for both
hypotheses. It has also been hypothesized that certain environmental
characteristics, such as living in an unsafe neighborhood and being
raised by neglectful parents increase the likelihood of both aggressive
behavior and viewing television violence. This hypothesis has not been
extensively investigated."

"There was significant associations between television viewing during
early adolescence and subsequent aggressive acts against other persons
after the covariates that were significantly associated with television
viewing and aggressive behavior were controlled statistically.
Television viewing at mean age 14 remained significantly associated
with any subsequent aggressive act against another person after
controlling for prior (AOR = 1.86; CI: 1.32-2.61) and subsequent
television viewing (AOR = 1.46; CI: 1.05-2.60). Television viewing at
mean age 14 was not associated with risk for subsequent property
crimes, including arson, vandalism, or theft. Time spent watching
television during early adolescence was associated with risk for
subsequent aggressive acts among youths with and without a history of
aggressive behavior. The statistical interactions of television viewing
with sex and previous aggression were not significantly associated with
subsequent aggressive behavior."

"In the male subsample, television viewing at mean age 14 was
associated with subsequent assaults or fights resulting in injury and
any aggressive act against another person. Although the prevalence of
subsequent aggressive acts increased in relation to television viewing
at mean age 14 among both the male and female subsamples, the
association did not attain statistical significance in the female
subsample. The association between television viewing at mean age 14
and any aggressive act against another person was significantly
stronger in the male subsample than in the female subsample (z = 2.17;
P = 0.03)."

"There was a significant association between time spent watching
television at mean age 22 and subsequent aggressive acts against other
persons after the covariates were controlled statistically. This
association remained significant after controlling for prior television
viewing (AOR = 1.65; CI: 1.07-1.99). Television viewing at mean age 22
was not associated with risk for subsequent property crimes, including
arson, vandalism, or theft."

"The present findings indicate that extensive television viewing by
adolescents and young adults is associated in an increased likelihood
of committing aggressive acts against others. Our findings suggest that
this association is only partially attributable to environmental
characteristics that are associated with both television viewing and
aggressive behavior. These findings are also consistent with the
hypothesis that extensive television viewing partially mediates, or
helps to explain the association between certain environmental risks
and subsequent aggressive behavior. It should be noted that a strong
inference of causality cannot be made without conducting controlled
experiment, and we cannot rule out the possibility that some other
covariates that were not controlled in the present study may have been
responsible for these associations. Epidemiological studies, such as
the present study, are conducted when it is not permissible to conduct
a controlled experiment due to the adverse outcomes that may result
from prolonged exposure to a potentially harmful stimulus."

"What may account for the gender differences in timing of effects of
extensive television viewing? One possibility, which remains to be
explored, is a difference in the content of programs watched by males
and females during adolescence and early adulthood. However, violent
acts are depicted frequently on television, and previous research has
supported the hypothesis that televised violence accounts, in large
measure, for the association between television viewing and
aggression."

"Our finding that one index of adolescent aggression was associated
with subsequent television viewing after the covariates were controlled
is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a bidirectional
relationship between television violence and aggressive behavior.
However, time spent watching television was associated with subsequent
aggression, whether or not there was a history of aggressive behavior.
Thus, although aggressive individuals may spend somewhat more time
watching television that do other individuals, this tendency does not
appear to explain the preponderance of the association between
television viewing and aggressive behavior."
 
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