Medical Forum / Diseases and Disorders / AIDS / October 2004
Harvard's' Center for Population and Development Studies
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PaulKing - 06 Oct 2004 22:19 GMT "20 years into the pandemic there is no evidence that more condoms leads to less AIDS," stated Dr. Edward C. Green of Harvard's' Center for Population and Development Studies.
Citing data on condom availability in many African counties, Green went on to say that "we are not seeing what we expected: that higher levels of condom availability result in lower HIV prevalence."
Dr. Norman Hearst of the University of California — San Francisco supported this analysis with statistics on Kenya, Botswana, and other countries, which show an increasingly alarming pattern of increased condom sale correlation with rising HIV prevalence by year.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT "New Research Shows Dangers of Condoms in HIV Prevention." Culture & Cosmos Volume 1, Number 23 (January 13, 2004) This article reprinted with permission from the Culture of Life Foundation. Permission granted for unlimited use. Credit required. Copyright © 2004 Culture of Life Foundation
GMCarter - 07 Oct 2004 10:12 GMT >ACKNOWLEDGEMENT >"New Research Shows Dangers of Condoms in HIV Prevention." Culture & >Cosmos Volume 1, Number 23 (January 13, 2004) >This article reprinted with permission from the Culture of Life >Foundation. Permission granted for unlimited use. Credit required. >Copyright © 2004 Culture of Life Foundation Right. Like I believe these guys. Of COURSE they will slag condoms because it suits their wholly unscientific desire to obtain more USAID money to waste on unsupported "abstinence only" programs with a Jesus slant. (Christians only need apply.) See: http://www.christianity.com/cultureoflife
George M. Carter
PaulKing - 07 Oct 2004 19:41 GMT SAME RESULT FROM AN ATHIEST SOURCE
Sex And HIV: Behaviour-Change Trial Shows No Link The East African (Nairobi)
March 17, 2003
Posted to the web March 19, 2003
By Paul Redfern, Special Correspondent Nairobi
A UK funded trial aimed at reducing the spread of Aids in Uganda by modifying sexual behaviour appears to have had little discernible effect.
The trial, carried out on around 15,000 people in the Masaka region, involved distributing condoms, treating around 12,000 victims of sexually transmitted diseases and counselling.
However, while the trial led to a marked change in sexual behavioural patterns, with the proportion reporting causal sexual partners falling from around 35 per cent to 15 per cent, there was no noticeable fall in the number of new cases of HIV infection, although there was a significant reduction in sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhoea.
The trial results, which were reported in the British medical journal The Lancet, have already aroused some controversy.
The team leader of the trial, Dr Anatoli Kamalai, acknowledged that there was "no measurable reduction" in HIV incidence with "no hint of even a small effect."
http://allafrica.com/stories/200303190482.html
http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200303190482.html
GMCarter - 08 Oct 2004 00:02 GMT >SAME RESULT FROM AN ATHIEST SOURCE Incorrect. What the study showed below was that a behavior change program wasn't helping. That may also be in part due to the way women are treated. Condoms aren't the whole answer--cultures are more complicated than that! But this doesn't abrogate the intrinsic value of the condom in an act of vaginal or anal intercourse in attenuating the risk of HIV or other STD infection.
And indeed, the study's results are disputed by others. Data below.
George M. Carter
** Hearst N, Chen S. Condom promotion for AIDS prevention in the developing world: is it working? Stud Fam Plann. 2004 Mar;35(1):39-47.
University of California, Box 0900, 500 Parnassus Avenue MU3E, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. nhearst@itsa.ucsf.edu
Two decades of experience and research provide new insights into the role of condoms for AIDS prevention in the developing world. This literature review and synthesis is based on computerized searches of the scientific literature and review of conference presentations, publications of national and international organizations, and popular media. Condoms are about 90 percent effective for preventing HIV transmission, and their use has grown rapidly in many countries. Condoms have produced substantial benefit in countries like Thailand, where both transmission and condom promotion are concentrated in the area of commercial sex. The public health benefit of condom promotion in settings with widespread heterosexual transmission, however, remains unestablished. In countries like Uganda that have curbed generalized epidemics, reducing the number of individuals' sex partners appears to have been more important than promoting the use of condoms. Other countries continue to have high rates of HIV transmission despite high reported rates of condom use among the sexually active. The impact of condoms may be limited by inconsistent use, low use among those at highest risk, and negative interactions with other strategies. Recommendations include increased condom promotion for groups at high risk, more rigorous measurement of the impact of condom promotion, and more research on how best to integrate condom promotion with other prevention strategies.
** Stoneburner RL, Low-Beer D. Population-level HIV declines and behavioral risk avoidance in Uganda. Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):714-718. Population Health Evaluation Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. randstoneburner@netzero.net
Uganda provides the clearest example that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable if populations are mobilized to avoid risk. Despite limited resources, Uganda has shown a 70% decline in HIV prevalence since the early 1990s, linked to a 60% reduction in casual sex. The response in Uganda appears to be distinctively associated with communication about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through social networks. Despite substantial condom use and promotion of biomedical approaches, other African countries have shown neither similar behavioral responses nor HIV prevalence declines of the same scale. The Ugandan success is equivalent to a vaccine of 80% effectiveness. Its replication will require changes in global HIV/AIDS intervention policies and their evaluation.
** Schleifer R. ABC approach not enough, reports show. Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev. 2003 Dec;8(3):42-3. Reports released recently by Human Rights Watch reveal that many women in Africa remain extremely vulnerable to HIV infection because of the violence practised against them, and because of legal systems that do not take the issue of violence seriously or that discriminate against women.
** Singh S, Darroch JE, Bankole A. A, B and C in Uganda: the roles of abstinence, monogamy and condom use in HIV decline. Reprod Health Matters. 2004 May;12(23):129-31.
Uganda is often cited as a role model in the fight against HIV/AIDS because of its success in reducing both prevalence and incidence of HIV infection since the late 1980s. Although an increase in sexual abstinence has been highlighted as a primary cause of the declines, large increases have also been recorded in monogamy and condom use. The extent to which each of these factors actually influenced the overall decline in Uganda's HIV rates has become a highly charged political issue in the United States, leading to restrictions on how US development funding for combatting HIV is allocated. The Alan Guttmacher Institute investigated changes that occurred in abstinence, monogamy and condom use in Uganda in the 1990s, using nationally representative data from Uganda's Demographic and Health Surveys of 1988 (women only), 1995 and 2000 (women and men), and national-level findings from two surveys by the Global Programme on AIDS in 1989 and 1995 (women and men). Reduction of infection risk by lowering numbers or types of partners among people with more than one relationship was not covered. Here we reprint the chapter on "Implications" from the AGI report, a commentary on the lessons that can and cannot be taken from the data, published in a 2003 Guttmacher Report on Public Policy.
PaulKing - 08 Oct 2004 09:26 GMT "Condoms are about 90 percent effective for preventing HIV transmission, and their use has grown rapidly in many countries."
What a total lie.
"The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, released the report compiled by the panel of 28 experts, who analyzed about 138 published studies on the use of condoms during penile-vaginal intercourse. "There was a lack of evidence to help us make a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of condoms," said panel member Dr. Timothy Schacker, an infectious disease expert at the University of Minnesota"
The condom itself is not 100 % safe. Result of examination show the following : A condom is made of rubber (latex), a hydrocarbon compound with polymerization, which means that it is fibrous and porous like woven cloth. By means of an electronic microscope the pores of the condom can be seen in a non-stretched state with a width of 1/60 micron, while the HIV/AIDS virus has a width of 1/250 micron. When the condom is stretched the pores of the condom are 10 times as wide as that of the virus; in other words, the virus can go through the wall of the condom. The condom was designed for family planning (to strain sperm, not viruses); and a condom is not meant for fornication/prostitution. Research carried out in the U.S. on 89 condoms in circulation on the market proved that 29 out of 89 leaked, which means that the leakage was about 30 %. In Indonesia condoms imported from Hong Kong in 1996 were withdrawn from market because 50 % leaked. In practice in the field there is often failure of condoms use for family planning because of leakage, let alone for fornication/prostitution. As a comparison, sperm are as large as oranges and viruses as large as a period (dot).
THE FLAWED CONDOM Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) researchers, using powerful electron microscopes, have found that new latex, from which condoms are fabricated, contains "maximum inherent flaw[s]" (that is, holes) 70 microns in diameter. (9) These holes are 700 times larger than the HIV-1 virus. There are pores in latex, and some of the pores are large enough to pass sperm-sized particles. Carey, et al., observed leakage of HIV-sized particles through 33%+ of the latex condoms tested. In addition, as Gordon points out in his review, the testing procedures for condoms are less than desirable. United States condom manufacturers are allowed 0.4% leaky condoms (AQL). Gordon states, "The fluctuations in sampling permits many batches not meeting AQL to be sold." In the United States, 12% of domestic and 21% of imported batches of condoms have failed to meet the 0.4% AQL. (10) 9."Anomalous Fatigue Behavior in Polysoprene," Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 62, #4, Sep.-Oct. 1989. 10.Collart, David G., M.D., loc. cit.
CONDOMS FAIL TESTING In a 1988 study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, Bruce Voeller of the Mariposa Foundation in Topanga, California, a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, ranked 31 brands of latex condoms according to how well they met the U.S. and international quality assurance standards designed to ensure that condoms provide an effective barrier against human sperm. "Many of the condoms now on the market would not get FDA approval if they were required to meet today’s standards," says Voeller. Although all condoms sold in the U.S.are supposed to pass quality assurance tests, those marketed before 1976 need not meet the more stringent requirements necessary to win FDA marketing approval. (11) Dr. Collart reports that "Gotszche and Hording in their study of in vivo [real life] condom failure rates concluded ‘Condoms to prevent HIV transmission do not imply truly safe sex.’ In addition Steiner, et al., observed newer lots of condoms had actual breakage rates of 3.5-8.8%, while actual breakage rates for older lots ranged from 9.8-18.6%. In a study conducted by Ahmed, et al., 29%-42% of those who had used condoms experienced at least one breakage. In a survey conducted by the University of Manchester, 52% of those who had obtained condoms from their family planning clinic had one or more either burst or slip off in the 3 months before the survey. In studies by Albert, et al., and by Wright, et al., 36% and 38% of their respondents reported condom failures respectively." (12) 11.Nowak, Rachel, "Research Reveals Condom Conundrums," The Journal of NIH Research, Vol. 5, Jan. 1993, pp. 32, 33. 12.Collart, David G., M.D., op. cit.
CONDOM CLIMATE CONTROL Condoms are sensitive to heat and cold, yet they are not normally transported in climate-controlled vehicles. Vesey, in his study ofcondoms,checked 72,000 trucks and has actual photographs of eggs frying in the backs of trucks used for condom distribution. Partly due to Vesey’s study, Burlington County, NJ, banned the distribution of condoms at the county’s AIDS counselling center, because they concluded that the risk of liability for condom failures was too great. (17) 17.Vesey, W.B., HLI Reports, Vol. 9, pp. 1-4, 1991.
• Condoms have an annual contraceptive failure rate of 18.4 % for girls under the age of 18; among young, unmarried, minority women the annual failure rate is 36.3 % • Many of the germs that cause STDs occur in areas not covered by the condom. For example, genital warts can occur throughout the genital area, such as on the scrotum and in the anal area. In those cases, wearing a condom wouldn’t prevent the germs from being passed between partners. Similarly, the sores that a person gets with herpes, syphilis, and gonorrhea can occur outside the area covered by a condom.
STANDARD WATER TEST "The FDA tests every batch of imported condoms as well, though imports account for very few condoms used in this country. Although the smallest hole the water test can find is 100 times bigger than the HIV virus, officials believe the water test is sufficient. " -------
GMCarter - 08 Oct 2004 10:28 GMT >"Condoms are about 90 percent effective for preventing HIV transmission, >and their use has grown rapidly in many countries." > >What a total lie. So you say. But you lie and distort to support your interesting fantasies.
Best of luck!
George M. Carter
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